Table-4.
Risk factors associated with helminth infections among intensively managed poultry in Kwara Central, Kwara State.
| Variables | Helminth+ve (%) | Helminth –ve (%) | OR (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (weeks) | ||||
| Chick (0-8) | 1 (3.85) | 25 (96.15) | 0.19 (0.01, 1.07) | 0.06 |
| Grower (>8-16) | 13 (19.70) | 53 (80.30) | 1.19 (0.60, 2.27) | 0.59 |
| Adult (>16) a | 70 (17.07) | 340 (82.93) | 1.00 | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 4 (7.84) | 47 (92.16) | 0.40 (0.12, 1.05) | 0.06 |
| Femalea | 80 (17.74) | 371 (82.26) | 1.00 | |
| Bird type | ||||
| Layers | 74 (18.50) | 326 (81.50) | 6.6 (1.2, 13.6) | 0.02b |
| Broilers | 9 (12.50) | 63 (87.50) | 4.1 (0.63, 9.53) | 0.17 |
| Turkeya | 1 (3.33) | 29 (96.67) | 1.00 | |
| Physiological status | ||||
| Unproductive | 26 (14.29) | 156 (85.71) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.20) | <0.01b |
| Productive | 50 (16.13) | 260 (83.87) | 0.05 (0.01, 0.22) | <0.01b |
| Spent layersa | 8 (80.00) | 2 (20.00) | 1.00 | |
| Production purpose | ||||
| Meat | 10 (9.80) | 92 (90.20) | 0.48 (0.23, 0.94) | 0.03b |
| Egga | 74 (18.50) | 326 (81.50) | 1.00 | |
| Farm age (years) | ||||
| <5 | 32 (21.05) | 120 (78.95) | 28.85 (5.36, 60.34) | <0.01b |
| >5-10 | 28 (18.67) | 122 (81.33) | 24.83 (4.58, 52.4) | <0.01b |
| >10-15 | 23 (25.56) | 67 (74.44) | 36.92 (6.64, 78.53) | <0.01b |
| >15-20a | 1 (0.91) | 109 (99.09) | 1.00 | |
| Presence of other animals in the farm | ||||
| Yes | 68 (19.32) | 284 (80.68) | 2.00 (1.14, 3.68) | 0.02b |
| Noa | 16 (10.67) | 134 (89.33) | 1.00 | |
| Flock size (birds) | ||||
| <1000 | 68 (22.67) | 232 (77.33) | 24.23 (4.64, 49.87) | <0.01b |
| 1000-2000 | 15 (13.56) | 103 (86.44) | 11.99 (2.08, 25.98) | <0.01b |
| >2000a | 1 (1.19) | 83 (98.81) | 1.00 | |
| Farm size (acres) | ||||
| <5 | 79 (23.80) | 253 (76.20) | 24.58 (4.72, 50.50) | <0.01b |
| 5-10 | 4 (4.44) | 86 (95.56) | 3.65 (0.45, 9.99) | 0.26 |
| >10a | 1 (1.25) | 79 (98.75) | 1.00 | |
| Housing type | ||||
| Deep litter | 8 (8.33) | 88 (91.67) | 0.40 (0.17, 0.82) | 0.01b |
| Battery cagea | 76 (18.72) | 330 (81.28) | 1.00 | |
| Farm type | ||||
| Multiple bird species | 68 (22.52) | 234 (77.48) | 3.34 (1.90, 6.11) | <0.01b |
| Single bird speciesa | 16 (8.00) | 184 (92.00) | 1.00 | |
| Frequency of anthelmintic use | ||||
| Every 2 months | 22 (32.35) | 46 (67.65) | 4.41 (1.70, 12.82) | <0.01b |
| Every 3 months | 52 (19.12) | 220 (80.88) | 2.20 (0.94, 5.91) | 0.07 |
| Occasionally | 4 (4.00) | 96 (96.00) | 0.39 (0.09, 1.49) | 0.17 |
| No at alla | 6 (9.68) | 56 (90.32) | 1.00 | |
| Distance to waste area (meters) | ||||
| <250 | 11 (17.74) | 51 (82.26) | 5.74 (0.91, 13.09) | 0.07 |
| 250-500 | 72 (17.48) | 340 (82.52) | 5.71 (1.05, 11.99) | 0.04b |
| >500a | 1 (3.57) | 27 (96.43) | 1.00 | |
| Level of biosecurity (%) | ||||
| 0-25 | 64 (19.39) | 266 (80.61) | 1.83 (1.08, 3.20) | 0.03b |
| 25-50a | 20 (11.63) | 152 (88.37) | 1.00 | |
| Frequency of cleaning the pen | ||||
| Twice a week | 35 (13.16) | 231 (86.84) | 8.30 (1.54, 17.41) | 0.01b |
| Weekly | 48 (26.67) | 132 (73.33) | 19.86 (3.70, 41.47) | <0.01b |
| Occasionallya | 1 (1.79) | 55 (98.21) | 1.00 | |
a
Reference category.
b
Significant. OR=Odds ratio, CI=Confidence interval