Table 2.
Anthropometric and biochemical measures at baseline and week 12 and changes from baseline up to the end of the study
| Variables | P (n = 36) | D (n = 37) | CaD (n = 37) | p value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI, kg/m 2 | |||||||||
| - Baseline | 31.3 ± 0.58 | 30.3 ± 0.64 | 30.5 ± 0.93 | 0.69† | |||||
| - Week 12 | 29.9 ± 0.46 | 29.2 ± 0.67 | 29.2 ± 0.87 | 0.65 | |||||
| - Treatment effect | -1.4 ± 0.29 | -1.1 ± 0.13 | -1.3 ± 1.2 | 0.78‡ | |||||
| WHR | |||||||||
| - Baseline | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 0.97 ± 0.01 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 0.8 | |||||
| - Week 12 | 0.97 ± 0.01 | 0.96 ± 0.01 | 1.02 ± 0.006 | <0.001 | |||||
| - Treatment effect | -0.01 ± 0.01 | -0.017 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.001 | |||||
| BF, % | |||||||||
| - Baseline | 34.9 ± 1.3 | 35.3 ± 1.2 | 38.4 ± 0.98 | 0.07 | |||||
| - Week 12 | 32.6 ± 1.3 | 33 ± 1.2 | 34.7 ± 0.98 | 0.1 | |||||
| - Treatment effect | -2.36 ± 0.49 | -2.25 ± 0.36 | -3.67 ± 0.46 | 0.05 | |||||
| ALT, µmol/L | |||||||||
| - Baseline | 46.5 ± 3.01 | 45.9 ± 2.4 | 50.2 ± 2.6 | 0.44 | |||||
| - Week 12 | 47.3 ± 2.6 | 42.4 ± 2.6 | 35.8 ± 1.4 | <0.001 | |||||
| - Treatment effect a, b | 0.5 ± 2.1 | -3.5 ± 1.8 | -14.4 ± 1.7 | <0.001 | |||||
| AST, µmol/L | |||||||||
| - Baseline | 31.1 ± 1.6 | 30.4 ± 1.3 | 32.5 ± 1.2 | 0.48 | |||||
| - Week 12 | 28.6 ± 1.8 | 26.3 ± 1.5 | 26.9 ± 1.2 | 0.04 | |||||
| - Treatment effect a | -2.5 ± 1.02 | -4.2 ± 0.71 | -5.52 ± 0.61 | 0.028 | |||||
| LDL-C/HDL-C | |||||||||
| -Baseline | 3.1 ± 0.16 | 3.1 ± 0.15 | 3.56 ± 0.15 | 0.08 | |||||
| -Week 12 | 3.2 ± 0.14 | 3 ± 0.13 | 3 ± 0.11 | 0.5 | |||||
| -Treatment effect a, b | 0.07 ± 0.07 | -0.14 ± 0.09 | -0.56 ± 0.11 | <0.001 | |||||
| TG/HDL-C | |||||||||
| - Baseline | 5.7 ± 0.54 | 5.7 ± 0.45 | 6.2 ± 0.34 | 0.7 | |||||
| - Week 12 | 5.5 ± 0.44 | 4.6 ± 0.33 | 4.5 ± 0.25 | 0.5 | |||||
| - Treatment effect a, c | -0.22 ± 0.25 | -1.1 ± 0.29 | -1.7 ± 0.21 | 0.001 | |||||
| TC/HDL-C | |||||||||
| - Baseline | 5.2 ± 0.24 | 5.3 ± 0.24 | 5.8 ± 0.22 | 0.16 | |||||
| - Week 12 | 5.3 ± 0.22 | 5.03 ± 0.17 | 4.7 ± 0.12 | 0.07 | |||||
| - Treatment effect a, b | 0.15 ± 0.12 | -0.26 ± 0.14 | -1.04 ± 0.14 | <0.001 | |||||
| Non-HDL-C | |||||||||
| - Baseline | 148.5 ± 5.8 | 151.1 ± 5.5 | 163.3 ± 6 | 0.16 | |||||
| - Week 12 | 154.9 ± 5.1 | 150.7 ± 5.5 | 154.2 ± 5.2 | 0.83 | |||||
| - Treatment effect a | 6.4 ± 3.3 | -0.4 ± 2.6 | -9.1 ± 2.5 | 0.001 | |||||
| 25 (OH) D a , ng/ml | |||||||||
| - Baseline | 10 ± 0.63 | 9.9 ± 0.64 | 9.9 ± 0.64 | 0.9 | |||||
| - Week 12 | 11 ± 0.78 | 21.4 ± 0.73 | 27.1 ± 1.1 | <0.001 | |||||
| - Treatment effect a, b, c | 0.98 ± 0.35 | 11.5 ± 0.96 | 17.3 ± 0.99 | <0.001 |
1Values are means ± SE. p<0.05 was considered as significant.
a To convert 25(OH) D values to ng/mL, divide by 2.5.
WHR, waist to hip ratio; BF, body fat; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; ALT, alanine amino-transferase; AST, aspartate amino- transferase.
P: placebo group; D: vitamin D supplemented group as calciferol; CaD: calcium plus vitamin D supplemented group.
†p values are related to the differences among the groups; evaluated by one-way ANOVA.
‡P values are for the supplemented groups relative to the placebo group by using an ANCOVA with baseline values as covariate.
a Significant difference between the CaD and placebo group;
b Significant difference between the CaD and D group;
c Significant difference between the D and placebo group (p<0.05).