Table 1.
Site characteristics of the selected wheat growing regions across Europe
| No. | ID | Site | Country | Latitude (°) | Longitude (°) | Average air temperature (°C)a | Precipitation (mm year−1)a | Cultivarb | Sowing dateb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | SL | Seville | Spain | 37.42 | −5.88 | 22.1 | 434 | Cartaya | 30 December |
| 2 | LL | Lleida | Spain | 41.63 | 0.60 | 18.0 | 311 | Creso | 25 November |
| 3 | MO | Montagnano | Italy | 43.30 | 11.80 | 16.0 | 686 | Creso | 25 November |
| 4 | TU | Toulouse | France | 43.62 | 1.38 | 16.7 | 595 | Thesee | 20 November |
| 5 | SR | Sremska | Serbia | 45.00 | 19.51 | 15.2 | 649 | Thesee | 15 November |
| 6 | CF | Clermont-Ferrand | France | 45.80 | 3.10 | 14.7 | 536 | Thesee | 15 November |
| 7 | DC | Debrecen | Hungary | 47.60 | 21.60 | 14.2 | 441 | Thesee | 18 October |
| 8 | VI | Vienna | Austria | 48.23 | 16.35 | 14.5 | 643 | Thesee | 20 October |
| 9 | HA | Halle | Germany | 51.51 | 11.95 | 12.7 | 509 | Claire | 20 October |
| 10 | RR | Rothamsted | UK | 51.80 | −0.35 | 12.2 | 653 | Mercia | 10 October |
| 11 | WA | Wageningen | Netherlands | 51.97 | 5.67 | 12.3 | 779 | Claire | 20 October |
| 12 | KA | Kaunas | Lithuania | 54.88 | 23.83 | 10.5 | 605 | Avalon | 25 October |
| 13 | TR | Tylstrup | Denmark | 57.20 | 9.90 | 10.6 | 721 | Avalon | 18 October |
a Future 2050 climate scenario (based on HadGEM2 and RCP8.5).
b Typical local cultivated wheat varieties and the sowing dates.