Fig. 1.

Illustration of the architecture of a fruiting-cutting Cabernet Sauvignon plant (A) and of a one-cane-pruned Sangiovese plant (B) in the model of GrapevineXL. The colour gradient across leaves represents the proportion of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation, which changes from black to light green as the proportion of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation increases. Photos for the experimental plant and condition are shown in Supplementary Fig. S1. The leaf area per plant for fruiting-cutting Cabernet Sauvignon was 0.104 m² for 12 leaves per cluster and 0.025 m² for three leaves per cluster. The leaf area per plant for one-cane-pruned Sangiovese was 1.02 m² for 12 leaves per shoot, and 0.31 m² for three leaves per shoot.