Table 2. Fetal, Infant, and Childhood Anthropometrics.
| Characteristic | Median (90% Range)a | P Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Group (N = 3205) | Small for Gestational Age (n = 199) | Appropriate for Gestational Age (n = 2714) | Large for Gestational Age (n = 222) | ||
| Fetal Characteristics | |||||
| Second trimester, mean (SD)b | |||||
| Gestational age, wk | 20.6 (1.1) | 20.5 (1.1) | 20.6 (1.1) | 20.6 (1.1) | .75 |
| Estimated fetal weight, g | 378 (89) | 353 (79) | 378 (89) | 399 (92) | <.001 |
| Third trimester, mean (SD)b | |||||
| Gestational age, wk | 30.4 (1.0) | 30.3 (1.1) | 30.4 (1.0) | 30.4 (0.9) | .25 |
| Estimated fetal weight, g | 1622 (249) | 1403 (216) | 1623 (239) | 1816 (246) | <.001 |
| Birth characteristics | |||||
| Gestational age, wkb | 40.1 (37.0-42.0) | 39.2 (33.0-41.7) | 40.1 (37.1-42.0) | 40.3 (36.4-42.0) | <.001 |
| Length, mean (SD), cmb | 50.3 (2.3) | 47.2 (1.9) | 50.3 (2.1) | 52.9 (2.1) | <.001 |
| Weight, mean (SD), gb | 3444 (554) | 2471 (427) | 3436 (439) | 4322 (437) | <.001 |
| Preterm birth (<37 wk), No. (%)c | 149/3182 (4.7) | 28 (14.1) | 106 (3.9) | 13 (5.9) | <.001 |
| Low birth weight (<2500 g), No. (%)c | 128 (4.0) | 72 (36.2) | 52 (1.9) | 3 (1.4) | <.001 |
| Infant Characteristics | |||||
| At 6 mob | |||||
| Age at visit, mo | 6.2 (5.4-7.2) | 6.2 (5.5-6.9) | 6.2 (5.5-7.1) | 6.2 (5.4-7.7) | .75 |
| Length, cm | 67.5 (63.0-72.0) | 65.0 (60.8-69.6) | 67.3 (64.0-71.6) | 69.0 (65.0-73.0) | <.001 |
| Weight, kg | 7.8 (6.5-9.4) | 7.0 (5.7-8.4) | 7.8 (6.5-9.4) | 8.2 (6.8-9.7) | <.001 |
| At 12 mob | |||||
| Age at visit, mo | 11.0 (10.2-12.3) | 11.0 (10.2-12.3) | 11.0 (10.2-12.3) | 11.1 (10.2-12.5) | .57 |
| Length, cm | 74.0 (70.0-78.5) | 72.5 (67.5-76.9) | 74.0 (70.1-78.5) | 75.5 (71.1-79.1) | <.001 |
| Weight, kg | 9.6 (8.0-11.4) | 8.7 (7.2-10.4) | 9.6 (8.0-11.4) | 10.1 (8.7-11.7) | <.001 |
| At 2 yb | |||||
| Age at visit, y | 2.1 (2.0-2.3) | 2.0 (2.0-2.2) | 2.1 (2.0-2.3) | 2.1 (2.0-2.3) | .03 |
| Length, cm | 88.0 (82.5-94.0) | 86.0 (81.0-92.1) | 88.0 (83.0-94.0) | 90.0 (84.2-95.1) | <.001 |
| Weight, kg | 12.8 (10.7-15.6) | 11.6 (9.8-14.0) | 12.8 (10.8-15.5) | 13.7 (11.4-16.2) | <.001 |
| PWV, mean (SD), kg/yb | 12.1 (2.1) | 12.2 (2.1) | 12.2 (2.1) | 11.4 (2.0) | <.001 |
| BMIAP, mean (SD)b,d | 17.6 (0.8) | 17.0 (0.7) | 17.6 (0.8) | 18.0 (0.8) | <.001 |
| AGEAP, mob | 8.4 (7.8-9.6) | 9.0 (7.8-9.6) | 8.4 (7.8-9.6) | 8.4 (7.8-9.6) | <.001 |
| Childhood characteristics | |||||
| Age at visit, mean (SD), yb | 9.8 (0.3) | 9.8 (0.3) | 9.8 (0.3) | 9.8 (0.4) | .65 |
| Height, mean (SD), cmb | 141.7 (6.7) | 138.8 (6.4) | 141.6 (6.6) | 144.9 (6.7) | <.001 |
| Weight, kgb | 34.0 (26.0-49.0) | 31.0 (24.8-49.0) | 33.8 (26.6-49.0) | 36.8 (28.4-51.8) | <.001 |
| Body mass indexb,d | 16.9 (14.4-22.9) | 16.4 (14.1-23.6) | 16.9 (14.4-22.8) | 17.4 (14.9-22.7) | <.001 |
| Overweight or obese, No. (%)c | 556 (17.4) | 31 (15.6) | 463 (17.1) | 50 (22.5) | <.001 |
| Fat mass index, kg/m4b | 2.1 (1.3-4.3) | 2.2 (1.3-4.5) | 2.1 (1.3-4.3) | 2.1 (1.3-4.1) | .67 |
| Fat-free mass indexb,d | 12.5 (11.0-14.5) | 12.3 (10.7-14.1) | 12.5 (11.0-14.4) | 12.8 (11.4-14.8) | <.001 |
| Visceral adipose tissue, gb | 358 (182-834) | 348 (156-802) | 357 (184-843) | 368 (189-849) | .38 |
| Liver fat, %b | 2.0 (1.3-4.1) | 2.1 (1.3-4.6) | 2.0 (1.3-4.1) | 2.0 (1.2-3.9) | .79 |
| Pericardial fat, gb | 10.6 (5.3-20.3) | 9.5 (4.5-18.7) | 10.6 (5.3-20.4) | 11.5 (6.0-20.9) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: AGEAP, age at adiposity peak; BMIAP, body mass index at adiposity peak; PWV, peak weight velocity.
a
Characteristics are based on observed, not imputed, data.
b
Differences in characteristics for children born small for gestational age, appropriate for gestational age and large for gestational age were evaluated using 1-way analysis of variance for continuous variables.
c
Differences in characteristics for children born small for gestational age, appropriate for gestational age and large for gestational age were evaluated using χ2 test for categorical variables.
d
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.