Table 4. Associations of Fetal and Infant Growth With Childhood General, Visceral, and Organ Fat.
| Characteristic | Standard Deviation Scores, Regression Coefficients (95% CI)a | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Visceral Fat Index (n = 2731) | Liver Fat Fraction (n = 3058) | Pericardial Fat Index (n = 2839) | |
| Fetal growth deceleration | |||
| Infant growth deceleration (n = 78) | −0.01 (−0.26 to 0.23) | −0.06 (−0.29 to 0.17) | −0.07 (−0.31 to 0.18) |
| Infant normal growth (n = 261) | −0.22 (−0.37 to −0.06) | −0.06 (−0.21 to 0.08) | −0.08 (−0.23 to 0.07) |
| Infant growth acceleration (n = 263) | 0.18 (0.03 to 0.33) | 0.34 (0.20 to 0.48) | −0.09 (−0.24 to 0.07) |
| Fetal normal growth | |||
| Infant growth deceleration (n = 213) | −0.08 (−0.24 to 0.08) | −0.11 (−0.27 to 0.04) | 0.05 (−0.12 to 0.22) |
| Infant normal growth (n = 533) | [Reference] | [Reference] | [Reference] |
| Infant growth acceleration (n = 271) | 0.07 (−0.08 to 0.22) | 0.09 (−0.05 to 0.23) | −0.07 (−0.23 to 0.08) |
| Fetal growth acceleration | |||
| Infant growth deceleration (n = 319) | −0.08 (−0.22 to 0.07) | −0.06 (−0.20 to 0.07) | 0.15 (0.01 to 0.30) |
| Infant normal growth (n = 316) | 0.08 (−0.06 to 0.22) | 0.03 (−0.10 to 0.17) | 0.08 (−0.06 to 0.23) |
| Infant growth acceleration (n = 116) | 0.05 (−0.16 to 0.25) | −0.08 (−0.27 to 0.12) | 0.08 (−0.13 to 0.29) |
| P value for interaction | .09 | <.001 | .45 |
a
Regression coefficients are linear regression coefficients based on standard deviation scores of natural log–transformed outcome measures. Models are adjusted for family-based sociodemographic factors (maternal age and educational level), maternal lifestyle-related factors (prepregnancy body mass index, smoking during pregnancy, folic acid use during pregnancy, and parity), and childhood factors (age at visit, sex, race/ethnicity, and breastfeeding). P value of interaction term is between fetal and infant growth in model adjusted for childhood age at visit and sex.