Table 5. Associations of Infant Growth Patterns With Childhood General, Visceral, and Organ Fat.
| Characteristic | Standard Deviation Scores, Regression Coefficients (95% CI)a | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Visceral Fat Index (n = 2731) | Liver Fat Fraction (n = 3058) | Pericardial Fat Index (n = 2839) | |
| Children born small for gestational age | |||
| PWV, kg/y (n = 161) | 0.10 (−0.01 to 0.21) | 0.08 (−0.02 to 0.14) | 0.04 (−0.07 to 0.14) |
| BMIAP (n = 151) | 0.13 (−0.15 to 0.41) | 0.05 (−0.18 to 0.28) | 0.08 (−0.17 to 0.34) |
| AGEAP, mo (n = 151) | 0.31 (−0.05 to 0.67) | 0.16 (−0.14 to 0.47) | 0.06 (−0.28 to 0.40) |
| Children born appropriate for gestational age | |||
| PWV, kg/y (n = 2352) | 0.04 (0.02 to 0.06) | 0.04 (0.02 to 0.06) | 0.02 (−0.001 to 0.04) |
| BMIAP (n = 2207) | 0.19 (0.13 to 0.25) | 0.14 (0.08 to 0.20) | 0.11 (0.05 to 0.16) |
| AGEAP, mo (n = 2207) | −0.01 (−0.09 to 0.08) | −0.03 (0.11 to 0.05) | −0.002 (−0.09 to 0.09) |
| Children born large for gestational age | |||
| PWV, kg/y (n = 195) | 0.06 (−0.02 to 0.13) | 0.06 (−0.01 to 0.14) | 0.003 (−0.07 to 0.08) |
| BMIAP (n = 185) | −0.01 (−0.19 to 0.18) | 0.05 (−0.15 to 0.24) | 0.03 (−0.17 to 0.22) |
| AGEAP, mo (n = 185) | −0.04 (−0.29 to 0.21) | 0.13 (−0.15 to 0.40) | 0.06 (−0.21 to 0.34) |
Abbreviations: AGEAP, age at adiposity peak; BMIAP, body mass index at adiposity peak (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); PWV, peak weight velocity.
a
Regression coefficients are linear regression coefficients based on standard deviation scores of natural log–transformed outcome measures. Models are adjusted for family-based sociodemographic factors (maternal age and educational level), maternal lifestyle-related factors (prepregnancy body mass index, smoking during pregnancy, folic acid use during pregnancy, and parity), and childhood factors (age at visit, sex, race/ethnicity, birth weight, and breastfeeding).