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. 2018 Mar 30;1(2):60–66. doi: 10.1093/jcag/gwy010

Table 1.

The use of single constipation symptoms to predict the presence of DD

Reported Symptom With DD Without DD Sensitivity (95% CI) Specificity (95% CI) PPV (95% CI) NPV (95% CI) +LR (95% CI) -LR (95% CI)
Urge to defecate 76/87 68/76 87.4 (78.8–92.8) 10.5 (5.4–19.4) 52.8 (44.7–60.8) 42.1 (23.1–63.7) 0.98 (0.87–1.09) 1.2 (0.51–2.83)
Need to strain 71/87 56/76 81.6 (72.2–88.4) 26.3 (17.7–37.2) 55.9 (47.2–64.2) 55.6 (39.6–79.5) 1.11 (0.94–1.31) 0.7 (0.39–1.25)
Need to strain when urge 56/86 41/74 65.1 (54.6–74.3) 44.6 (33.8–55.9) 57.7 (47.8–67.1) 52.4 (40.3–64.2) 1.18 (0.91–1.52) 0.78 (0.53–1.15)
Need to strain with soft stool 41/85 23/75 48.2 (37.9–58.7) 69.3 (58.2–78.6) 64.1 (51.8–74.7) 54.2 (44.2–63.8) 1.57 (1.05–2.36) 0.75 (0.58–0.96)
Sense of incomplete evacuation 79/87 61/75 90.8 (82.9–95.3) 18.7 (11.5–28.9) 56.4 (48.2–64.4) 63.6 (43–80.3) 1.12 (0.98–1.27) 0.49 (0.22–1.11)
Sense of blockage 72/86 55/76 83.7 (74.5–90) 27.6 (18.8–38.6) 56.7 (48–65) 60 (43.6–74.4) 1.16 (0.98–1.37) 0.59 (0.32–1.08)
Need to use digital manipulation for defecation 37/87 33/76 42.5 (32.7–53) 56.6 (45.4–67.1) 52.9 (41.3–64.1) 46.2 (36.5–56.3) 0.98 (0.69–1.4) 1.02 (0.78–1.33)