. 2019 Apr 29;14(4):e0216284. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216284

Table 1. General characteristics of the studies on vitamin D status and non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk.

Author	Ref. no.	Type	Study	Country	Recruit period	Case no.	Control/ pop. no.	Exposure^*	Outcome	Matched/adjusted variables
Erber et al., 2010	[20]	cohort	MEC (multiethnic cohort)¹⁾	USA	1993–1996	male 514, female 425	193,050	diet	NHL, DLBL, FL, CLL/SLL	education, body mass index, alcohol intake, total energy intake (plus race/ethnicity)
Freedman et al., 2010	[21]	cohort	USRT study	USA	1983–2005	137	64,103	sunlight/UVR (v, vii)	NHL	age, sex, race/ethnicity
Veierød et al., 2010	[22]	cohort	Norwegian-Swedish Women's Lifestyle and Health Cohort Study	Sweden, Norway	1991–1992	158	104,953	sunlight/UVR (i, ii, iii)	NHL	age, region of residence, eye color, hair color, skin reaction after heavy sun exposure in the beginning of the summer and after repeated sun exposure (plus solar exposure in artificial tanning)
Bertrand et al., 2011	[23]	cohort	NHS (Nurses' Health Study)¹⁾	USA	1976–2006	808	115,482	sunlight/UVR (v); diet	NHL, DLBL, FL, CLL/SLL (dietary: only NHL)	age, smoking, body mass index, height
Chang et al., 2011	[24]	cohort	CTS (California Teachers Study)	USA	1995–1996	629	121,216	sunlight/UVR (v); diet	NHL, DLBL, FL, CLL/SLL (dietary: only NHL)	age, calendar-year effect
Lin et al., 2012	[25]	cohort	NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study	USA	1995–1996	NHL 2,731, DLBL 1,059, FL 577, CLL/SLL 237, T-cell 188	450,934	sunlight/UVR (v)	NHL, DLBL, FL, CLL/SLL, T-cell	age at baseline, sex, BMI, caloric intake, intake of fruit, vegetables, red and white meat, alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, education, physical activity, median household income
Zhang et al., 2013	[26]	cohort	NHS II	USA	1989–2009	185	73,358	sunlight/UVR (iii)	NHL	age,body mass index, alcohol, physical activity, multivitamin, smoking, oral contraceptive use, menopausal status, hormone replacement therapy use, outdoor sun exposure during high school/college, at 25-35years, UV index of residence, dietary & supplementary vitamin D intake
Hughes et al., 2004	[27]	case-control	(NSW)²⁾	Australia	2000–2001	704	694	sunlight/UVR (ii)	NHL	age, sex, state of residence at diagnosis, ethnicity, skin color, ability to tan
Smedby et al., 2005	[28]	case-control	SCALE (Scandinavian lymphoma etiology)³⁾	Denmark, Sweden	1999–2002	3,055	3,187	sunlight/UVR (i, ii, iii, iv)	NHL, DLBL, FL, CLL, T-cell	age, sex, country, skin type
Chang et al., 2006	[29]	case-control	SCALE (Scandinavian lymphoma etiology)²⁾	Sweden	2000–2002	591	460	diet	NHL, DLBL, FL, CLL, T-cell	age, sex, total energy intake, intake of retinol/vitamin D/calcium/phosphorus
Hartge et al., 2006	[30]	case-control	(SEER)²⁾	USA	1998–2002	551	462	sunlight/UVR (i, iii, iv, v); diet	NHL	age, sex, race/ethnicity, study region, exercise, total energy intake
Polesel et al., 2006	[31]	case-control	(Aviano-Naples)²⁾	Italy	1999–2002	190	484	diet	NHL, DLBL, FL	age, sex, center, education, place of birth, HCV test, total energy intake
Soni et al., 2007	[32]	case-control	(Nebraska)³⁾	USA	1999–2002	387	535	sunlight/UVR (v); diet	NHL, DLBL, FL, CLL/SLL, MZL, B-/T-cell	age, sex, family history of cancer
Weihkopf et al., 2007	[33]	case-control		Germany	1999–2003	589	589	sunlight/UVR (ii, iv, vi)	DLBL, FL, CLL/SLL, MZL, B-/T-cell	age, sex, region, smoking status, alcohol consumption
Zhang et al., 2007	[34]	case-control	(Yale)³⁾	USA	1996–2000	601	717	sunlight/UVR (i, ii, iv)	NHL, DLBL, FL, CLL/SLL, MZL, B-/T-cell	age, race/ethnicity, family history of NHL, education, eye color, skin type
Boffetta et al., 2008	[35]	case-control	Epilymph³⁾	France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Spain	1998–2004	1,518	2,124	sunlight/UVR (iii, v)	NHL, DLBL, FL, CLL/SLL, B-cell, T-cell	age, sex, region(center), education, skin reaction to sun, questionnaire type
Grandin et al., 2008	[36]	case-control	Engela (France)²⁾	France	2000–2004	395	698	sunlight/UVR (iii, vi)	NHL	age, sex, region(center), outdoor activity frequency, artificial radiation/outdoor activity (stratified)
Kricker et al., 2008	[6]	case-control	InterLymph (older)³⁾	N.America, Europe, Australia	1995–2005	8,243	9,697	sunlight/UVR (vii, viii)	NHL, DLBL, FL, CLL/SLL, MZL, B-/T-cell	age, sex, race/ethnicity, study
Kelly et al., 2010	[37]	case-control	(Univ. of Rochester)²⁾	USA	2005–2007	129	139	sunlight/UVR (i, iii, iv, vii); 25(OH)D	NHL	sunlight/UVR: age, sex, race/ethnicity, skin cancer diagnosis, family history of lymphoma & other cancer, body mass index, alcohol, sun exposure variables (eg. sunburn, tanning) 25(OH)D: age, sex, race/ethnicity, prior skin cancer diagnosis, family history of lymphoma and other cancer, body mass index, season
Purdue et al., 2010	[38]	case-control	VDPP (Vitamin D Pooling Project of Rarer Caners; ATBC, CPS-II, MEC, NHS, NYU-WHS, PLCO, SMHS, SWHS	USA, Finland, China	1974–2008	1,353	1,778	25(OH)D	NHL, DLBL, FL, CLL/SLL	age at blood collection, sex, race/ethnicity, date of blood draw, height (plus menopausal status)
Kelly et al., 2012	[39]	case-control	(Mayo Clinic)³⁾	USA	2002–2008	1,009	1,233	sunlight/UVR (vii)	NHL, DLBL, FL, CLL/SLL	age, sex, region, family history of lymphoma
Mikhak et al., 2012	[40]	case-control	(UCSF-II)²⁾	USA	2001–2006	2,052	2,081	diet	NHL, DLBL, FL, CLL/SLL, MZL, T-cell	age, sex, county, total energy intake
Wong et al., 2012	[41]	case-control		Singapore	2004–2008	465	830	sunlight/UVR (vi)	NHL, B-/T-cell	age, sex, region(center), month of diagnosis, ethnicity, skin color, education, housing type, body mass index, history of any cancer in 1st-degree relatives
Łuczyńska et al., 2013	[17]	case-control	EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition)	Denmark, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, UK, Germany, Greece	1992–2000	1,127	1,127	diet; 25(OH)D	DLBL, FL, CLL, B-cell	age, sex, region(center), follow-up length, time and date of blood collection, smoking status, alcohol consumption at baseline, education, BMI, physical education, total energy and calcium intake
Cerhan et al., 2014	[7]	case-control	InterLymph	N.America, Europe, Australia	1976–2008	4,667	22,639	sunlight/UVR (viii)	DLBL	age, sex, race/ethnicity, study
Linet et al., 2014	[8]	case-control	InterLymph	N.America, Europe, Australia	1976–2008	3,530	22,639	sunlight/UVR (vii, viii)	FL	age, sex, race/ethnicity, study
Slager et al., 2014	[9]	case-control	InterLymph	N.America, Europe, Australia	1976–2008	2,440	15,186	sunlight/UVR (vii, viii)	CLL/SLL	age, sex, race/ethnicity, study
Bracci PM et al., 2014	[10]	case-control	InterLymph	N.America, Europe, Australia	1976–2008	13,766	1,052	sunlight/UVR (viii)	MZL	age, sex, race/ethnicity, study
Kleinstern et al., 2017	[42]	case-control		Israel, Palestine	2010–2014	823	808	sunlight/UVR (vi)	DLBL, FL, B-cell	age, sex, marital status, education, ethnic origin, residential region
Wang et al., 2017	[43]	case-control	LA County NHL Case-Control Study	USA	2004–2008	625	625	sunlight/UVR (i, iii)	DLBL, FL, CLL/SLL, MZL, B-cell	age, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, standard error of skewness, family history of cancer

Abbreviations: NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma; DLBL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; FL, follicular lymphoma; CLL/SLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma, MZL, marginal zone lymphoma.

¹⁾ Later integrated to VDPP study; exposure-outcome measures do not overlap in the current study

^{2, 3)} Later integrated to InterLymph study; exposure-outcome measures do not overlap (2) or partly overlap (3) in the current study

*underlined exposure measures were selected in the main analysis as the overall sunlight/UVR exposure indices: (i) sunburn; (ii) bathing vacation; (iii) artificial tanning; (iv) sunbath/suntan; (v) ambient exposure; (vi) outdoor/recreational activity; (vii) total exposure; (viii) recreational exposure