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The expression of TNF-α (A) and IL-17 (B) was significantly increased by E. coli strains from IBD patients, while the expression of IL-8 (C) and COX-2 (D) was not increased. HC, healthy control; CD, Crohn’s disease; UC, ulcerative colitis; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL, interleukin; COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2 *Statistically significant (p<0.05).
