Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Study Population
|
Variable |
30-day readmission N=140 |
No 30-day readmission N=661 |
Total N=801 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, mean years (range) | 44.8 (22–67) |
44 (18–68) |
44.1 (18–68) |
| Male gender | 91 (65%) |
449 (67.9%) |
540 (67.4%) |
| Race/ethnicity Non-Hispanic white Non-Hispanic black Hispanic Other |
19 (13.8%) 108 (77.1%) 10 (7.1%) 3 (2.1%) |
77 (11.7%) 495 (74.9%) 78 (11.8%) 11 (1.7%) |
96 (12.0%) 603 (75.3%) 88 (11.0%) 14 (1.7%) |
| HIV risk factor IDU MSM+IDU MSM Heterosexual |
41 (29.3%) 2 (1.4%) 17 (12.1%) 80 (57.1%) |
175 (26.5%) 41 (6.4%) 129 (19.5%) 315 (47.7%) |
216 (26.8%) 44 (5.4%) 146 (18.2%) 395 (49.3%) |
| Marital status Married Widowed Divorced Separated Never married Living with partner |
10 (7.1%) 7 (5%) 16 (11.4%) 9 (6.4%) 90 (64%) 8 (5.7%) |
36 (5.5%) 21 (3.2%) 76 (11.5%) 52 (7.9%) 440(66.6%) 36 (5.5%) |
46 (5.7%) 28 (3.5%) 92 (11.5%) 61 (7.6%) 530 (66.2%) 44 (5.5%) |
| Socio-economic | |||
| Education < High school High school/GED >High school |
54 (38.6%) 48 (34.3%) 38 (27.1%) |
265 (40.1%) 223 (37.7%) 173 (26.2%) |
319 (39.8%) 271 (33.8%) 211 (26.3%) |
| Income, annual $0 $1–5000 $5001–10,000 $10,001–20,000 >$20,000 Missing |
19 (13.6%) 18 (12.9%) 44 (31.4%) 12 (8.6%) 5 (3.6%) 42 (30%) |
60 (9.1%) 65 (9.8%) 208(31.5%) 76 (11.5%) 58 (8.8%) 194(29.4%) |
79 (9.9%) 83 (10.4%) 252 (31.5%) 88 (11.0%) 63 (7.9%) 236 (29.5%) |
| Insurance Any Medicaid Medicare Dual Private Other |
102 (73.4%) 60 (42.9%) 5 (3.6%) 14 (10.0%) 1 (1%) 22 (15.7%) |
432 (65.9%) 211 (31.9%) 46 (7.0%) 38 (5.6%) 21 (4.9%) 116 (17.6%) |
534 (67.2%) 271 (33.8%) 51 (6.4%) 52 (6.5%) 22 (4%) 138 (17.2%) |
| Employment Working Unemployed Disabled Other |
9 (6.4%) 47 (33.5%) 75 (53.6%) 9 (6.4%) |
84 (12.7%) 234 (35.4%) 324 (49.0%) 19 (2.9%) |
93 (11.6%) 281 (35.1%) 399 (49.8%) 28 (3.5%) |
| Food insecurity Any Mild Moderate Severe |
93 (66.4%) 10 (7.1%) 25 (17.9%) 58 (41.4%) |
381 (57.6%) 80 (12.1%) 88 (13.3%) 209 (31.7%) |
474 (59.2%) 90 (11.3%) 113 (14.1%) 267 (33.4%) |
| Housing (N=791)* Homeless/shelter Transitional housing/group home With friends/family Rent/own apartment/home |
22 (15.8%) 12 (8.6%) 43 (30.9%) 62 (44.6%) |
101(15.5%) 60 (9.2%) 175(26.8%) 316(48.5%) |
123 (15.6%) 72 (9.1%) 218 (27.6%) 378 (47.8%) |
| Socio-behavioral | |||
| Prior Incarceration Lifetime Past 6 months |
111 (79.9%) 20 (14.4%) |
509 (77.1%) 101 (15.3%) |
620 (77.6%) 121 (15.1%) |
| Substance use (past 12 months) Stimulants (crack, cocaine, meth) Crack Powder cocaine Methamphetamines Opiates (heroin, pain pills) Heroin Pain pills Marijuana Ecstasy |
101 (72.1%) 69 (49.3%) 48 (34.3%) 4 (2.9%) 30 (21.4%) 25 (17.9%) 10 (7.1%) 57 (40.7%) 6 (4.3%) |
455 (68.8%) 302 (45.7%) 205 (31.0%) 65 (9.8%) 142 (21.5%) 18 (17.9%) 38 (5.8%) 301 (45.5%) 31 (4.7%) |
556 (69.4%) 371 (46.3%) 253 (31.6%) 69 (8.6%) 172 (21.5%) 143 (17.9%) 48 (6.0%) 358 (44.7%) 37 (4.6%) |
| Substance use AUDIT (>7 for men, >6 for women) DAST-10 (≥6) Severe substance use (AUDIT or DAST-10) |
62 (44.3%) 59 (41.6%) 92 (66.7%) |
287 (43.4%) 275 (42.1%) 441 (65.7%) |
349 (43.6%) 334 (41.7%) 553 (66.5%) |
| Substance use treatment attitudes, mean (SD) Readiness Negative attitude |
13.6 (4.5) 13.1 (3.6) |
14.3 (4.1) 13.3 (3.5) |
14.2 (4.2) 13.3 (3.5) |
| Smoking history | 38 (27.1%) | 203 (30.7%) | 241 (30.1%) |
| Adherence to HIV medications in last month Taking >85% of pills ART pills taken in last mo,% (mean,SD) |
26 (18.6%) 56.7 (36.6) |
110 (16.6%) 57.3 (37.6) |
136 (17.0%) 57.2 (37.3) |
| Adherence self efficacy (mean, SD) Integration Perseverance Total score |
66.8 (22.8) 22.1 (8.4) 88.8 (29.8) |
68.1 (21.4) 22.6 (7.7) 90.7 (28.0) |
67.9 (21.7) 22.5 (7.8) 90.4 (28.3) |
| Patient provider relationship (N=548)* (mean, SD) Satisfaction Trust Total |
13.9 (4.0) 24.2 (5.0) 108.2 (27.8) |
13.8 (4.0) 24.4 (4.7) 107.6 (26.1) |
13.8 (4.0) 24.3 (4.8) 107.7 (26.4) |
| Medical mistrust (mean, SD) | 29.3 (7.8) | 28.5 (7.8) | 28.7 (7.8) |
| Health literacy (mean, SD) | 8.6 (3.2) | 9.1 (3.1) | 9.0 (3.1) |
| Perceived health status (mean, SD) | 32.3 (9.5) | 34.0 (9.0) | 33.7 (9.2) |
| Interpersonal violence, any | 103 (73.6%) | 439 (66.4%) | 542 (67.7%) |
| Psychological distress (BSI) Anxiety/panic Somatization Depression Total score |
68 (48.6%) 81 (57.9%) 68 (48.6%) 84 (60%) |
298 (45.0%) 385 (58.2%) 271 (41.0%) 347 (52.5%) |
366 (45.7%) 466 (58.2%) 339 (42.3%) 431 (53.8%) |
| Social support/ conflictual interaction | 22.0 (7.7) | 22.0 (7.5) | 22.0 (7.5) |
| Access to care (mean, SD) | 6.3 (4.7) | 6.2 (4.8) | 6.2 (4.8) |
| Distance from hospital, miles (mean, SD) Median miles, IQR |
5.8 (7.4) 4.5 (2.2, 7.6) |
12.2 (53.8) 4.1 (2.2,7.2) |
11.1 (49.0) 4.2 (2.2,7.5) |
| Hospitalization details | |||
| Length of hospital stay, days (mean SD) | 6.5 (5.7) | 6.5 (7.1) | 6.5 (6.9) |
| Primary diagnosis on admission AIDS defining illness Infection, non AIDS defining CD4<200 Cardiovascular Endocrine/Nutrition/Electrolytes/Other Gastrointestinal/Liver Hematology/Oncology Injury Neurology Psychiatry Pulmonary Renal Substance use |
15 (10.7%) 47 (33.6%) 40 (28.6%) 18 (12.9%) 7 (5.0%) 22 (15.7%) 2 (1.4%) 0 (0%) 7 (5.0%) 5 (3.7%) 11 (7.9%) 3 (2.1%) 3 (2.1%) |
61 (9.3%) 247 (37.4%) 167 (25.3%) 46 (7.0%) 30 (4.5%) 59 (8.9%) 13 (2.0%) 38 (5.8%) 41 (6.2%) 14 (2.1%) 87 (13.2%) 15 (2.3%) 9 (1.4%) |
76 (9.5%) 294 (36.8%) 207 (25.8%) 64 (8.0%) 37 (4.6%) 81 (10.1%) 15 (1.9%) 38 (4.8%) 48 (6.0%) 19 (2.4%) 98 (12.3%) 18 (2.3%) 12 (1.5%) |
| On ART prior to admission | 62 (44.3%) | 247 (37.4%) | 390 (38.6%) |
| Started on ART during admission | 25 (17.9%) | 99 (15.0%) | 124 (15.5%) |
| Discharged with supply of ART | 23 (16.4%) | 120 (18.3%) | 143 (18.0%) |
| Referrals received as inpatient Case management Drug treatment Housing Mental health Outpatient HIV clinic Any referral |
23 (16.4) 18 (12.9%) 14 (10.0%) 13 (9.3%) 78 (55.7%) 91 (65%) |
146 (22.3%) 109 (16.6%) 92 (14.0%) 56 (8.5%) 375 (57.2%) 448 (67.8%) |
169 (21.2%) 127 (16.0%) 106 (13.3%) 69 (8.7%) 453 (56.9%) 539 (67.3%) |
| Laboratory values/illness severity | |||
| CD4 count ≤50 51–200 >200 |
62 (44.3%) 37 (26.4%) 41 (29.3%) |
207 (31.3%) 224 (33.9%) 230 (34.8%) |
269 (33.6%) 261 (32.6%) 271(33.8%) |
| HIV viral load Median (IQR), x1000 copies/mL Undetectable ≤200 copies/mL ≤1000 1001–10,000 10,001–100,000 >100,000 |
56.5 (3.8–229.6) 18 (12.9%) 28 (20.0%) 18 (12.9%) 37 (26.4%) 57 (40.7%) |
52.4 (6.6–194.8) 69 (10.4%) 110 (16.6%) 76 (11.5%) 227 (34.3%) 248 (37.5%) |
52.8 (5.2–199.2) 87 (10.9%) 138 (17.2%) 94 (11.7%) 264 (33.0%) 305 (38.1%) |
| HCV Ab positive (N=559)* | 35 (37.6%) | 168 (36.1%) | 203 (36.3%) |
| Laboratory values WBC < 4.2 × 10(9)/L Absolute lymphocytes < 1.3 × 10(9)/L HCT <39.6% (men), <34.1% (women) Creatinine <0.67(mg/dL) Creatinine >1.17 (mg/dL) AST > 50 U/L (men) or >35 U/L (women) ALT > 50 U/L (men) or >35 U/L (women) |
128 (91.4%) 106 (75.7%) 108 (77.1%) 21 (15.0%) 43 (30.7%) 56 (40%) 35 (25%) |
562 (85.0%) 466 (70.5%) 455 (68.8%) 82 (12.4%) 144 (21.8%) 224 (33.9%) 132 (20.0%) |
690 (86.1%) 572 (71.4%) 563 (70.3%) 103 (12.9%) 187 (23.4%) 280 (35.0%) 167 (20.9%) |
| HIV-dementia scale (≤ 10) | 44 (31.4%) | 162 (24.5%) | 206 (25.7%) |
| Karnofsky ≥ 60 and < 80 | 69 (49.3%) | 265 (40.1%) | 334 (41.7%) |
| Healthcare utilization | |||
| HIV primary care visit in past 6 months | 66 (47.1%) | 299 (45.2%) | 365 (45.6%) |
| ED visits in past 12 months ≤1 2–4 ≥ 5 |
31 (22.1%) 66 (47.1%) 43 (30.7%) |
289 (43.7%) 272 (41.1%) 100 (15.1%) |
320 (40.0%) 338 (42.2%) 143 (17.6%) |
| Hospitalizations in past 6 months 0 1 ≥2 |
34 (24.3%) 42 (30.0%) 64 (45.7%) |
321 (48.6%) 172 (26.0%) 168 (25.4%) |
355 (44.3%) 214 (26.7%) 232 (29.0%) |
*
for missing data, revised N is noted
Categorical measures are depicted as n (%).
IDU= injection drug use; MSM= men who have sex with men; GED= General Education Diploma; AUDIT= alcohol use disorders identification test; DAST-10= drug abuse screening test; SD= standard deviation; BSI=brief symptom inventory; IQR= interquartile range; AIDS= acquired immune deficiency syndrome; ART= antiretroviral therapy; HCV Ab =hepatitis C virus antibody; WBC= white blood cell count; HCT= hematocrit; AST= aspartate aminotransferase; ALT= alanine aminotransferase; ED= emergency department