Table 3.
Results for males versus females for the developmental cascade model evaluating MDD symptoms in the context of interpersonal relationships (N = 1,127)
| Path | Males (n = 519) | Females (n = 608) | ΔSB χ2 (1 df) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stability paths | |||
| 1. Parent-Child Rel. Prob. 11 → Parent-Child Rel. Prob. 14 | .61*** (.05) | .55*** (.06) | 0.54 |
| 2. Antisocial Peer Aff. 11 → Antisocial Peer Aff. 14 | .33*** (.07) | .32*** (.05) | 0.02 |
| 3. MDD 11 → MDD 14 | .24** (.07) | .02 (.06) | 5.61* |
| 4. Parent-Child Rel. Prob. 14 → Parent-Child Rel. Prob. 17 | .61*** (.05) | .43*** (.05) | 6.26* |
| 5. Antisocial Peer Aff. 14 → Antisocial Peer Aff. 17 | .65*** (.05) | .39*** (.06) | 15.17*** |
| 6. MDD 14 → MDD 17 | .07 (.06) | .39*** (.09) | 9.83** |
| 7. Antisocial Peer Aff. 17 → Antisocial Peer Aff. 20 | 1.89*** (.17) | 2.08*** (.17) | 0.60 |
| 8. MDD 17 → MDD 20 | .38*** (.11) | .25*** (.06) | 1.13 |
| 9. Antisocial Peer Aff. 20 → Antisocial Peer Aff. 24 | .66*** (.04) | .42*** (.03) | 8.17** |
| 10. MDD 20 → MDD 24 | .30*** (.08) | .36*** (.06) | 0.40 |
| 11. Antisocial Peer Aff. 24 → Antisocial Peer Aff. 29 | .47*** (.03) | .51*** (.04) | 1.55 |
| 12. RRPROB 24 → RRPROB 29 | .30** (.11) | .27*** (.08) | 0.06 |
| 13. MDD 24 → MDD 29 | .29*** (.07) | .37*** (.05) | 0.97 |
| Cross-paths | |||
| 1. MDD 11 → Parent-Child Rel. Prob. 14 | 3.73 (2.77) | −3.51 (3.17) | 3.01 |
| 2. Parent-Child Rel. Prob. 11 → MDD 14 | .00 (.00) | .003** (.001) | 0.60 |
| 3. MDD 11 → Antisocial Peer Aff. 14 | .14 (.24) | −.21 (.27) | 0.95 |
| 4. Antisocial Peer Aff. 11 → MDD 14 | .00 (.01) | .02 (.01) | 0.56 |
| 5. Antisocial Peer Aff. 11 → Parent-Child Rel. Prob. 14 | .12 (.73) | 1.73** (.59) | 3.48 |
| 6. Parent-Child Rel. Prob. 11 → Antisocial Peer Aff. 14 | .01* (.001) | .02** (.006) | 0.21 |
| 7. MDD 14 → Parent-Child Rel. Prob. 17 | 3.37 (3.85) | −1.53 (2.62) | 1.24 |
| 8. Parent-Child Rel. Prob. 14 → MDD 17 | .00 (.00) | .00 (.00) | 0.11 |
| 9. MDD 14 → Antisocial Peer Aff. 17 | −.28 (.21) | .02 (.17) | 1.19 |
| 10. Antisocial Peer Aff. 14 → MDD 17 | .02 (.01) | .02 (.02) | 0.01 |
| 11. Antisocial Peer Aff. 14 → Parent-Child Rel. Prob. 17 | .58 (.54) | −.52 (.65) | 1.76 |
| 12. Parent-Child Rel. Prob. 14 → Antisocial Peer Aff. 17 | .01* (.004) | .01** (.004) | 0.04 |
| 13. Parent-Child Rel. Prob. → MDD 20 | .00 (.00) | .00 (.00) | 0.26 |
| 14. MDD 17 → Antisocial Peer Aff. 20 | −.45 (.76) | .06 (.46) | 0.35 |
| 15. Antisocial Peer Aff. 17 → MDD 20 | .00 (.01) | .02 (.02) | 1.21 |
| 16. Parent-Child Rel. Prob. 17 → Antisocial Peer Aff. 20 | .03* (.01) | .02 (.01) | 0.42 |
| 17. MDD 20 → Antisocial Peer Aff. 24 | .80 (.51) | 1.03** (.38) | 0.13 |
| 18. Antisocial Peer Aff. 20 → MDD 24 | .01* (.003) | .01 (.004) | 0.02 |
| 19. MDD 20 → Rom. Rel. Problems 24 | 2.22 (1.55) | 3.61* (1.58) | 0.40 |
| 20. Antisocial Peer Aff. 20 → Rom. Rel. Problems 24 | .29* (.12) | .03 (.13) | 2.39 |
| 21. MDD 24 → Antisocial Peer Aff. 29 | .80 (.42) | .24 (.28) | 1.38 |
| 22. Antisocial Peer Aff. 24 → MDD 29 | .01* (.002) | .00 (.00) | 3.21 |
| 23. MDD 24 → Rom. Rel. Problems 29 | −.76 (1.60) | 1.90 (1.01) | 1.75 |
| 24. Rom. Rel. Problems 24 → MDD 29 | .00 (.00) | .01* (.003) | 1.46 |
| 25. Antisocial Peer Aff. 24 → Rom. Rel. Problems 29 | .35** (.12) | .07 (.11) | 3.36 |
| 26. Rom. Rel. Problems 24 → Antisocial Peer Aff. 29 | .00 (.02) | .01 (.01) | 0.16 |
| Residual correlations | |||
| 1. Parent-Child Rel. Prob. 11 ↔ MDD 11 | −.01 (.10) | .21* (.09) | 3.17 |
| 2. Parent-Child Rel. Prob. 11 ↔ Antisocial Peer Aff. 11 | 2.12 (1.11) | 1.74*** (.36) | 0.20 |
| 3. MDD 11 ↔ Antisocial Peer Aff. 11 | .01 (.01) | .02* (.01) | 0.62 |
| 4. Parent-Child Rel. Prob. 14 ↔ MDD 14 | .05 (.11) | .24 (.13) | 1.27 |
| 5. Parent-Child Rel. Prob. 14 ↔ Antisocial Peer Aff. 14 | 1.82** (.56) | 3.22*** (.62) | 3.01 |
| 6. MDD 14 ↔ Antisocial Peer Aff. 14 | .03* (.01) | .03** (.01) | 0.01 |
| 7. Parent-Child Rel. Prob. 17 ↔ MDD 17 | .01 (.11) | .24 (.13) | 1.82 |
| 8. Parent-Child Rel. Prob. 17 ↔ Antisocial Peer Aff. 17 | 1.44** (.48) | 1.03** (.36) | 0.47 |
| 9. MDD 17 ↔ Antisocial Peer Aff. 17 | .01 (.01) | .01 (.01) | 0.33 |
| 10. MDD 20 ↔ Antisocial Peer Aff. 20 | .10* (.04) | .01 (.04) | 2.43 |
| 11. MDD 24 ↔ Antisocial Peer Aff. 24 | .05 (.03) | .08* (.04) | 0.40 |
| 12. MDD 24 ↔ Rom. Rel. Problems 24 | .23 (.12) | .13 (.14) | 0.31 |
| 13. Antisocial Peer Aff. 24 ↔ Rom. Rel. Problems 24 | 4.34*** (1.05) | 2.02 (1.05) | 2.69 |
| 14. MDD 29 ↔ Antisocial Peer Aff. 29 | −.01 (.03) | .05* (.02) | 3.25 |
| 15. MDD 29 ↔ Rom. Rel. Problems 29 | .30* (.12) | .34** (.11) | 0.07 |
| 16. Antisocial Peer Aff. 29 ↔ Rom. Rel. Problems 24 | 1.94* (.80) | 1.26* (.53) | 0.54 |
Note: Parent-Child Rel. Prob, parent-child relationship problems. Antisocial Peer Aff., antisocial peer affiliation. Rom. Rel. Problems, romantic relationship problems. MDD, log-transformed major depressive disorder symptom count. Shown are unstandardized coefficients (standard errors) for associated stability and cross-paths. Model fit statistics for this model that allowed all paths to vary by gender were as follows: χ2 (162) = 386.85, p < .001; RMSEA = .05, p = .53; CFI = .91; TLI = .85; SRMR=.07 (standardized coefficients are presented in Figure 2). Significant differences in unstandardized coefficients forcorresponding paths by gender were tested by constraining each path to be equivalent and using the Satorra-Bentler chi-square difference test (ΔSB χ2 on 1 df) to test for significant decrement in fit between the free and constrained models. Results showed no statistically significant differences in any of the cross-paths by gender at p < .05. The only significant differences found concerned stability paths, and none of these differences reached statistical significance when correcting the a for multiple testing by gender (0.05/55 paths tested [13 stability tests + 26 cross-paths + 16 residual correlations]) would require p < .0009, except for the path Antisocial Peer Aff. 14→ Antisocial Peer Aff. 17 (see row 5), which was significantly more stable for males than for females. Statistical significance is denoted by
p < .05,
p < .01,
p < .001.
Coefficients that are not significantly different zero are also indicated in gray.