Table 1.
| Characteristics | Overall study population (N = 16,103) |
Hypertensive participants by race |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Hispanic White (n = 3132/6066) | Non-Hispanic Blacks, (n = 2253/3665) | Mexican-Americans, (n = 981/2164) | Other races/ethnicities c, (n = 1885/4208) | All races, (n = 8251/16,103) | p-Valued | ||
| SBP, mean (SE), mmHg | 122.4 (0.3) | 133.0 (0.5) | 136.8 (0.6) | 134.8 (0.8) | 134.8 (0.6) | 133.9 (0.4) | <0.01 |
| DBP, mean (SE), mmHg | 70.7 (0.2) | 74.4 (0.4) | 76.1 (0.6) | 76.1 (0.7) | 76.2 (0.6) | 74.9 (0.3) | <0.01 |
| Age (in years) | |||||||
| Mean (SE) | 47.6 (0.4) | 57.8 (0.4) | 52.8 (0.6) | 49.9 (1.1) | 53.6 (0.7) | 56.1 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| 20–44 | 44.7 (6797) | 19.8 (587) | 29.1 (493) | 39.1 (229) | 29.5 (414) | 23.6 (1723) | <0.001 |
| 45–54 | 18.7 (2720) | 18.9 (487) | 23.8 (445) | 23.3 (178) | 20.7 (354) | 20.1 (1464) | |
| 55–64 | 17.3 (2798) | 25.5 (593) | 24.9 (634) | 19.2 (271) | 21.7 (480) | 24.5 (1978) | |
| ≥65 | 19.2 (3788) | 35.8 (1465) | 22.2 (681) | 18.4 (303) | 28.0 (637) | 31.8 (3086) | |
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 48.2 (7811) | 51.0 (1616) | 46.2 (1133) | 56.5 (516) | 52.6 (963) | 50.9 (4228) | <0.001 |
| Female | 51.8 (8292) | 49.0 (1516) | 53.8 (1120) | 43.5 (465) | 47.4 (922) | 49.1 (4023) | |
| Cholesterol level (in mg/dl) | |||||||
| Normal (<200) | 45.9 (7039) | 29.7 (905) | 43.5 (832) | 37.8 (312) | 34.8 (568) | 32.6 (2617) | <0.001 |
| Borderline (200–239) | 24.0 (3504) | 23.0 (631) | 19.7 (398) | 26.8 (229) | 23.8 (423) | 22.9 (1681) | |
| High (≥240) | 30.0 (4734) | 47.4 (1470) | 36.8 (848) | 35.5 (391) | 41.4 (780) | 44.5 (3489 | |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (in mg/dl) | |||||||
| Normal | 70.5 (10357) | 67.9 (1924) | 72.1 (1467) | 60.9 (565) | 62.8 (1096) | 67.4 (5052) | <0.001 |
| Low (<40 for men & <50 for women) | 29.5 (4671) | 32.1 (1003) | 27.9 (526) | 39.1 (356) | 37.2 (624) | 32.6 (2509) | |
| Chronic kidney disease | |||||||
| No | 85.1 (12981) | 76.4 (2118) | 75.5 (1583) | 76.9 (706) | 78.2 (1408) | 76.5 (5815) | 0.47 |
| Yes | 14.9 (2814) | 23.6 (928) | 24.5 (586) | 23.1 (254) | 21.8 (416) | 23.5 (2184) | |
| Diabetes mellitus status | |||||||
| No | 83.4 (12515) | 75.7 (2229) | 71.1 (1466) | 68.7 (596) | 71.2 (1270) | 74.0 (5561) | <0.001 |
| Prediabetes | 6.1 (950) | 8.2 (238) | 6.8 (144) | 7.1 (70) | 9.4 (160) | 8.1 (612) | |
| Diabetes | 10.5 (2221) | 16.1 (550) | 22.1 (548) | 24.2 (284) | 19.4 (387) | 17.9 (1769) | |
| Body mass index (in kg/m2) | |||||||
| Normal/underweight (<25) | 29.5 (4695) | 19.5 (642) | 18.4 (421) | 10.4 (108) | 28.5 (552) | 19.8 (1723) | <0.001 |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 32.8 (5038) | 34.1 (1000) | 25.9 (590) | 31.5 (311) | 31.2 (615) | 32.5 (2516) | |
| Obese (≥30) | 37.8 (6013) | 46.4 (1368) | 55.7 (1164) | 58.1 (533) | 40.2 (649) | 47.7 (3714) | |
| Number of health care visits within the past year | |||||||
| 0 | 15.3 (2600) | 9.3 (276) | 12.1 (246) | 21.6 (168) | 16.7 (282) | 11.4 (972) | <0.001 |
| 1–3 | 64.8 (10264) | 63.7 (1904) | 67.5 (1528) | 61.4 (608) | 62.7 (1194) | 63.9 (5234) | |
| ≥4 | 19.9 (3223) | 27.0 (948) | 20.4 (478) | 17.0 (203) | 20.6 (407) | 24.7 (2036) | |
| Family income-to-poverty ratio | |||||||
| <2 | 36.7 (7305) | 29.1 (1331) | 53.7 (1083) | 64.6 (566) | 46.2 (821) | 36.6 (3801) | 0.07 |
| ≥2 | 63.3 (7383) | 70.9 (1609) | 46.3 (925) | 35.4 (291) | 53.8 (836) | 63.4 (3661) | |
| 10-yr CVD risk categories | |||||||
| Low | 75.2 (9652) | 53.7 (1159) | 55.8 (865) | 70.1 (460) | 60.4 (845) | 55.9 (3329) | <0.001 |
| High | 24.8 (4322) | 46.3 (1520) | 44.2 (988) | 29.9 (374) | 39.3 (694) | 44.1 (3576) | |
Abbreviations: CVD: Cardiovascular disease, DBP: Diastolic blood pressure, NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, SBP: Systolic blood pressure, SE: Standard error.
a
Numbers are presented as weighted percentages and unweighted numbers unless otherwise specified.
b
Numbers may not add up to total because of missing values.
c
Other races/ethnicities include non-Hispanic Asians, other Hispanics, and other races including multi-races.
d
p-Values obtained by chi-square tests (for categorical variables) or t-tests (continuous variables).