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. 2019 Apr 29;9:6623. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42964-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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MSC-Ex downregulates LN-derived Th1, Th2 and Th17 cell activation. (A) IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-4 and IL-10 levels in anti-CD3/CD28 stimulated lymphocytes from the LNs of Af-treated mice were measured by ELISA. Data are represented as the means ± s.d. (n ≥ 6 mice per group). (B) The relative expression levels of the inflammatory-associated cytokines, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17 and IL-13, were evaluated by qRT-PCR in the skin tissues of AD mice. (C) The protein levels of PPARα, p-NF-κB-p65^Ser536, NF-κB-65, p-IκB^Ser32/36 and IκB, were analyzed by immunoblotting in the skin tissue of AD mice. (D) The levels of nitrite were measured using the culture media from the basolateral side of MSC-Ex and RAW 264.7 co-cultures after 4 h of LPS (1 μg/ml) treatment and subsequent MSC-Ex (30 μg/ml) administration for 24 h. Columns represent the means of three independent experiments. Bars indicate standard deviations. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.005, ***P < 0.001.