Fig. 3.

The effect of varying the content of conductive additives. a Specific capacity versus rate data for lithium ion anodes based on composites of GaS nanosheets and carbon nanotubes with various nanotube mass fractions⁷. The solid lines are fits to Eq. (2). b and c Characteristic time (b) and exponent (c), extracted from six papers (refs. ^{7,18,65,67–69}), plotted versus the mass fraction, M_f, of conductive additive. d Histogram (N = 75) showing frequency of occurrence of n in studies which varied the conductive additive content. The histogram contains data from the papers in b, as well as additional refs. ^19,70–73 and is divided between electrodes with high and low M_f. The inset replots the data from Fig. 2f for comparison. e Data for $\tau ∕L_{\mathrm{E}}^2$ plotted versus M_f for three selected papers^7,18,67. The solid lines are fits to Eq. (6a) combined with percolation theory (Eq. (7). f Out of plane conductivity, σ_E, of composite electrodes normalised to the conductivity of the active material alone, σ_M. This data is extracted from the fits in (e) with the legend giving the relevant parameters. N.B. the legend/colour coding in c applies to b, c, e, f. All errors in this figure are fitting errors combined with measurement uncertainty