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. 2019 Apr 29;9:6637. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43246-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Spatial distributions of WNV in human, avian, and mosquito hosts. WNV infections from 2002–2016 are displayed at the county level and spatially presented as the annual mean of human incidence (A), sentinel chicken seroprevalence (B), or Culex MIR (C) across the state. Additional analyses display the annual mean or weekly infection rates by regional associations in Iowa – western, central, and eastern (A–C). Human incidence (A) is displayed as the number of human WNV cases per 100,000 people. Sentinel chicken seroprevalence (B) is defined as the ratio of WNV⁺ seropositive birds per total birds sampled. Culex MIR (C) is calculated as the minimum infection rate for all Culex mosquito vectors (Cx. pipiens group, Cx. tarsalis, and Cx. erraticus). The black dots display counties in which chicken seroprevalence and mosquito infection rate data were collected. A Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test was used to test for differences between groups with significance denoted by asterisks (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001). ns, not significant.