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. 2019 Apr 29;9:6628. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43147-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The cut stalagmite SKK 16 3 (photos taken by MCS). (A) SKK 16 3 before sampling. The stalagmite was partially cut open with a rock saw and then broken open (broken surface is to the right of the dashed blue line) to reduce contamination by the saw blade. Three dark lines stemming from hiatuses in speleothem formation can be observed at dfts of 4.5 (h1), 4.8 (h2) and 5.6 (h3) cms (black arrows). Note that hiatuses h1 and h2 combine to the right (h1, 2). (B) SKK 16 3 after sampling for DNA analysis and U-series dating. U-series samples (red, dotted line if unsuccessful analysis) and samples for DNA analysis (green, dotted line if unsuccessful analysis) were often taken in close association. Reliable U-series ages are reported next to their sampling location. Note however, that the age of 80.26 ± 1.87 ka in the same sampling locality as SKK3 is less reliable as it is out if stratigraphic order. DNA sample SKK1 was taken in the same layer as U-series sample SKK 16 3/−5.5, between hiatuses h3 and the combined hiatus h1 and h2 and dating to 83.32 ± 1.48 ka. Its age is capped by U-series ages from layers above (56.7 ± 0.95 ka) and below (84.57 ± 0.76). SKK1 may contain dust particles from the hiatus events.