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. 2019 Jan 21;25(5):601–611. doi: 10.1111/cns.13088

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Transgenerational transmission of memory deficits is through the mother. (A,B,C) Morris water maze task. A, During the four days of training, the escape latencies of four groups decreased gradually. B, Offspring of FSs mothers and FSs fathers (F1:M+‐F+) or FSs mothers and non‐FSs fathers (F1:M+‐F) had similar performance in test, but they spent significantly less time in the target quadrant than controls (F1:M‐F), while offspring of FSs fathers and non‐FSs mothers (F1:M‐F+) had similar performance with controls. C, The number of annulus crossings was also less in offspring of FSs mothers than controls (n = 8 for all group, *P < 0.05). D, 24 hours after training, offspring of FSs mothers showed significantly shorter retention time than controls (n = 8 for all group, *P < 0.05). E, In contextual fear conditioning, offspring of FSs mothers showed significantly lower levels of freezing than control pups (n = 8 for all group, *P < 0.05). F, The total distance of four groups had no significant difference (n = 8 for all group). One‐way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's multiple comparisons test was used. Error bars indicated SEM. *Significant vs CON. M: mother; F: father; +treated with 10FSs