Table 1.
Characteristics of cohort study participants stratified by diabetes type and DEB status*
| Characteristics | Type 1 diabetes (n = 2,156) |
Type 2 diabetes (n = 149) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DEB (n = 458) | No DEB (n = 1,698) | P value | DEB (n = 75) | No DEB (n = 74) | P value | |
| Age, years | 18.2 ± 3.8 | 17.6 ± 4.4 | <0.01 | 21.1 ± 3.3 | 22.6 ± 3.6 | <0.01 |
| Male sex (%) | 28.8 | 55.2 | <0.01 | 32.0 | 39.2 | 0.36 |
| Race/ethnicity (%) | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 18.1 | 8.6 | <0.01 | 56.0 | 45.9 | 0.58 |
| Hispanic | 13.5 | 11.0 | 18.7 | 25.6 | ||
| White | 66.4 | 78.0 | 21.3 | 21.7 | ||
| Other | 2.0 | 2.4 | 4.0 | 6.8 | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.1 ± 5.3 | 23.2 ± 4.8 | <0.01 | 37.8 ± 9.4 | 31.8 ± 8.7 | <0.01 |
| BMIz | 1.0 ± 0.9 | 0.5 ± 0.9 | <0.01 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 1.3 ± 1.1 | <0.01 |
| Glycemic control | ||||||
| HbA1c, % | 10.2 ± 2.0 | 8.9 ± 1.7 | <0.01 | 11.0 ± 2.3 | 9.8 ± 2.5 | <0.01 |
| Total daily insulin, units/kg/day | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.55 | 0.7 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.22 |
| CGM use (%) | 4.1 | 14.9 | 0.38 | 14.8 | 16.1 | 0.76 |
| Self-monitoring of blood glucose (%) | ||||||
| Less than once a week | 15.2 | 0.0 | <0.01 | 37.9 | 25.4 | 0.15 |
| Less than once a day | 0.0 | 10.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
| 1–2 times/day | 17.2 | 14.9 | 34.9 | 26.9 | ||
| 3 times/day | 17.9 | 54.2 | 15.2 | 26.9 | ||
| 4–6 times/day | 43.7 | 9.9 | 10.6 | 19.4 | ||
| ≥7 times/day | 6.0 | 1.4 | 1.4 | |||
| IS score | 5.2 ± 2.0 | 7.1 ± 2.5 | <0.01 | 2.5 ± 1.3 | 3.8 ± 1.9 | <0.01 |
| DKA (≥1 episode) in preceding 6 months (%) | 12.0 | 4.7 | <0.01 | 5.3 | 4.1 | NS |
| CES-D score | 16.7 ± 10.3 | 8.3 ± 7.5 | <0.01 | 20.9 ± 11.0 | 11.9 ± 10.5 | <0.01 |
| PedsQL score | 72.4 ± 14.6 | 84.8 ± 11.8 | <0.01 | 68.7 ± 17.4 | 80.8 ± 16.7 | <0.01 |
Data are mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated.
*DEB status is based on DEPS-R category.