TABLE 4.
Results of repeated measures analysis of variance with means between groups over time.
| Hierarchical linear models results |
||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scales and sub-scales | E means |
CL means |
C means |
MSE |
Variance |
Group |
Time |
Group & Time |
||||||||||||
| Time1 | Time2 | Time3 | Time1 | Time2 | Time3 | Time1 | Time2 | Time3 | Subject | df | F | p | df | F | p | df | F | p | ||
| EQ | 46.00 | 44.18 | 44.97 | 49.02 | 50.12 | 49.05 | 47.23 | 45.66 | 48.26 | 17.2 | 91.4 | 81.5 | 1.13 | 0.33 | 98.7 | 125 | 0.78 | 98.7 | 0.770 | 0.55 |
| Fantasy | 2.96 | 3.17 | 2.91 | 3.31 | 3.22 | 3.09 | 2.93 | 3.08 | 3.10 | 0.17 | 0.11 | 102.3 | 1.18 | 0.31 | 115.7 | 0.65 | 0.53 | 115.6 | 1.670 | 0.16 |
| Perspective taking | 3.62 | 3.57 | 3.66 | 4.14 | 4.19 | 3.84 | 3.74 | 3.80 | 3.87 | 0.12 | 0.28 | 87.6 | 3.36 | 0.04 | 102.8 | 0.39 | 0.68 | 102.8 | 3.070 | 0.02* |
| Empathic concern | 3.58 | 3.57 | 3.73 | 4.38 | 4.11 | 4.01 | 3.79 | 3.71 | 3.89 | 0.14 | 0.23 | 91.8 | 5.69 | 0.01 | 105.8 | 0.78 | 0.46 | 105.7 | 3.630 | 0.01* |
| Personal distress | 2.98 | 2.99 | 3.12 | 3.72 | 3.85 | 3.35 | 3.08 | 3.25 | 3.27 | 0.19 | 0.22 | 92.6 | 6.93 | 0.00* | 105.8 | 0.46 | 0.63 | 105.7 | 3.460 | 0.01* |
| IAT | −0.86 | −0.81 | −0.76 | −0.87 | −0.46 | −0.75 | −0.84 | −0.65 | −0.75 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 97.3 | 0.79 | 0.46 | 100.8 | 5.09 | 0.01* | 100.8 | 0.962 | 0.43 |
EQ, empathy quotient; IAT, implicit association test; MSE, mean square error; E, experimental group; CL, control group (reading); C, control group (no intervention); numerator df (degrees of freedom) group = 2; numerator df time = 2; numerator group & time = 4; *, p < 0.05.