Table 3.
Clinical characteristics to study participants (n = 120) in relation to the quartile of plasma copeptin concentration
| Copeptin quartile 1 |
Copeptin quartile 2 |
Copeptin quartile 3 |
Copeptin quartile 4 |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 43.8 ± 9.2 | 46.2 ± 10.7 | 43.6 ± 12 | 45.7 ± 10.1 | 0.48 |
| Sex (% M) | 50% | 30% | 30% | 90% | < 0.001*;0.01^ |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.6 ± 10.9 | 32.3 ± 9.8 | 36.9 ± 10.8 | 34.7 ± 11.2 | 0.51 |
| Waist circumference(cm) | 92.7 ± 19.3 | 100.5 ± 27.4 | 102.2 ± 27.12 | 113.4 ± 22.8 | 0.013 |
| PAS (mmHg) | 115 ± 29.4 | 125.4 ± 14.4 | 120.7 ± 13 | 124.4 ± 14.5 | 0.16 |
| PAD (mmHg) | 77.1 ± 6.3 | 85.5 ± 21.7 | 81.6 ± 9.25 | 80.5 ± 10.6 | 0.17 |
| FBG (mg/dL) | 91 (86.5–94.5) | 94.5 (84.5–122) | 94 (86.5–103.5) | 95 (85.3–100.5) | 0.56 |
| FBI (μΙU/mL) | 11.1 (10.6–20.3) | 12.2 (8.7–25.2) | 12.1 (8.8–27.4) | 11.3 (8.8–17.2) | 0.96 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.3 (2.4–4.02) | 3.6 (1.9–5.6) | 2.8 (1.97–5.9) | 2.73 (1.8–4.3) | 0.60 |
| HOMA-β% | 151.7 (122.2–496.1) | 89.6 (63.8–121) | 163.5 (107.9–274) | 94 (133.5–199.7) | 0.056 |
| AST (IU/L) | 20 (15–22.3) | 20 (16–23) | 23 (17.5–29) | 18 (15.3–25.3) | 0.62 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 21 (15.7–24.3) | 18 (15–28) | 25 (16.5–48) | 18 (15–36.5) | 0.36 |
| GGT (IU/L) | 16 (12.5–20) | 13 (11–18.8) | 25 (16.5–48) | 18 (10.8–22.5) | 0.53 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 200.6 ± 49.6 | 205.9 ± 36 | 180.9 ± 27 | 204.5 ± 30.5 | 0.75 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 55.4 ± 13.6 | 56.1 ± 14.4 | 43.6 ± 7.8 | 52.4 ± 11.5 | 0.44 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 115.1 ± 35.2 | 123.3 ± 34 | 111.7 ± 25.4 | 122.7 ± 37.4 | 0.51 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 83 (72–139) | 127 (73–164) | 118.5 (87–146.5) | 102.5 (73.5–150.3) | 0.43 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/mL) | 0.68 ± 0.09 | 0.8 ± 0.15 | 0.74 ± 0.013 | 0.8 ± 0.17 | 0.01 |
| Serum uric acid (mg/mL) | 4.8 ± 1.02 | 5.5 ± 1.4 | 5.12 ± 1.1 | 6.1 ± 1.6 | 0.037 |
| NAFLD (%) | 15% | 28% | 40% | 42% | 0.026*; 0.09^ |
| Biopsy-proven NASH | 10% | 0% | 40% | 50% | 0.05*;0.004^ |
| T2DM (%) | 7% | 15% | 12% | 0% | 0.18*; 0.16^ |
| MS (%) | 26% | 26% | 48% | 52% | 0.051*; 0.22^ |
*Chi-square test. p values related to the comparison between copeptin quartiles 1 vs 4. ^p value related to distribution across all the quartiles (Kruskal-Wallis test)
Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, GGT gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, FBG fasting blood glucose, FBI fasting blood insulin, HOMA-IR HOmeostasis Model Assessment of insulin resistance, HOMA-β% HOmeostasis Model Assessment of insulin secretion, NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NASH non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, MS metabolic syndrome, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus