Table 1.
Study characteristics
| Study ID | Study design | Sampling method | Age range | Sample size(Male/Female) | Number of events | Prevalence | BP measurement | Frequency of measurement | Interval for BP measurement(min) | Hypertension definition | Response rate | Survey year | Survey site | Area | Quality | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypertension(Male/Female) | Prehypertension(Male/Female) | Hypertension(Male/Female) | Prehypertension(Male/Female) | ||||||||||||||
| Deewakar Sharma (2006) | Cross-sectional study | Systematic random sampling | 18–97 | 1114 (541/573) | 219 (120/99) | 246 | 19.7 (22.2/17.3) | 22.1 (NR) | Manual | 2 | NR | ≥ 140/90 OR medicine | 90.64 | Feb to Jun 2005 | Southern Kathmandu Valley | suburban | high |
| U. K. Shrestha (2006) | Cross-sectional study | Cluster sampling | ≥ 40 | 1012 (423/589) | 236 (99/137) | NR | 23.3 (23.4/23.3) | NR | Manual | 2 | 0.5 | ≥ 140/90 | 85.7 | 2001 to 2002 | Seven urban municipalities | urban | high |
| Vaidya A (2007)a | Cross-sectional study | Simple random sampling | ≥ 35 | 1000 (1000/0) | 227 (227/−) | NR | - (22.7/−) | NR | Manual | 2 | 5 | ≥ 140/90 OR medicine | NR | 2004 to 2005 | Dharan Municipality | urban | middle |
| Koju R (2010) | Cross-sectional study | Systematic random sampling | 18–88 | 796 (306/490) | 230 (88/142) | 232 | 28.9 (28.8/29) | 29.1 (NR) | Manual | 2 | 30 | ≥ 140/90 OR medicine | 69.22 | 2007 | Dhulikhel Municipality | suburban | high |
| Sanjib Kumar Sharma (2010)b | Cross-sectional study | NR | 18–97 | 8397 (3199/5185) | 3009 (1341/1668) | 3230 (1247/1983) | 36 (42/32) | 39 (39/38) | Manual | 1 | NR | ≥ 140/90 OR medicine | NR | 2007 | Dharan\Tarahara\Damak\Biratnagar\Birtamod | urban | middle |
| Sanjib Kumar Sharma (2011) | Cross-sectional study | NR | 20–100 | 14,422 (5327/8679) | 4894 (2164/2603) | NR | 34 (40.7/30) | NR | Manual | 1 | NR | ≥ 140/90 OR medicine | NR | 2007 | Dharan\Tarahara\Damak\Biratnagar\Birtamod | urban | middle |
| KD Mehta (2011) | Cross-sectional study | NR | ≥ 30 | 1938 (NR) | 615 (NR) | 752 | 31.7 (NR) | 38.8 (NR) | Manual | 2 | 5 | ≥ 140/90 | 93.85 | Sep 2005 to Jul 2006 | Sunsari District | both | middle |
| Chataut J (2011) | Cross-sectional study | NR | ≥ 18 | 527 (214/313) | 118 (70/48) | 253 | 22.4 (32.7/15.3) | 48 (NR) | Manual | 2 | NR | ≥ 140/90 | NR | NR | Bolde (a rural village in hilly region of central part of Nepal) | rural | low |
| Abhinav Vaidya (2012) | Cross-sectional study | NR | ≥ 21 | 1218 (527/691) | 412 (202/213) | NR | 33.8 (38.3/30.8) | NR | Manual | 1 | NR | ≥ 140/90 | 84 | 2006 | Bhadrabas village area of Kathmandu Valley | rural | high |
| Rumana J Khan (2013)a | Cross-sectional study | NR | 16.4–71.2 | 15,934 (0/15934) | 530 (−/530) | 2296 | - (−/3.3) | -(−/14.4) | Digital | 4 | NR | ≥ 140/90 | 96.75 | 2006 to 2008 | Sarlahi District | rural | middle |
| Abhinav Vaidya (2013) | Cross-sectional study | Kish technique | 25–59 | 777 (229/548) | 168 (NR) | NR | 21.6 (NR) | NR | Digital | 3 | 5 | ≥ 140/90 OR medicine | 93.92 | Sep to Nov 2011 | JD-HDSS of Bhaktapur District in the Kathmandu Valley | suburban | high |
| Sanjib Kumar Sharma (2013) | Cross-sectional study | NR | ≥ 20 | 3218 (1542/1676) | 1243 (NR) | NR | 38.6 (NR) | NR | NR | NR | NR | ≥ 140/90 OR medicine | NR | 2003 to 2005 | Four VDCs in Dharan Municipality | rural | middle |
| Adhikari K (2014) | Cross-sectional study | Systemic random sampling | 15–64 | 1240 (665/575) | 276 (165/111) | 510 (285/225) | 22.3 (24.8/19.3) | 41.1 (42.8/39.1) | NR | NR | NR | ≥ 140/91 OR medicine | NR | Mar to Jun 2013 | Six urban and six rural districts | both | middle |
| Bhandari S (2014)a | Interventional study | NR | 15–49 | 14,300 (0/14300) | 948 (−/948) | NR | - (−/6.6) | NR | Manual | NR | NR | ≥ 140/90 OR medicine | NR | 2011 to 2012 | VDCs of nine districts | rural | low |
| Koju R (2015) | Cross-sectional study | Multistage random cluster sampling | 18–65 | 2100 (861/1239) | 317 (187/130) | 915 | 15.1 (21.7/10.5) | 43.6 (NR) | Digital | 2 | 2 | ≥ 140/90 | 99.6 | May-13 | Nationwide | both | high |
| Chataut J (2015) | Cross-sectional study | NR | ≥ 18 | 648 (258/390) | 133 (79/54) | 302 (115/187) | 20.5 (30.6/13.8) | 46.6 (44.5/47.9) | Manual | NR | NR | ≥ 140/90 OR medicine | NR | NR | Ramechap District | rural | low |
| Krishna Kumar Aryal (2015) | Cross-sectional study | Multistage random cluster sampling | 15–69 | 4143 (1336/2807) | 1065 (415/578) | NR | 25.7 (31.1/20.6) | NR | Digital | 3 | 3 | ≥ 140/90 OR medicine | 98.2 | Jan to June 2013 | Nationwide | both | high |
| Raja Ram Dhungana (2016) | Cross-sectional study | Systematic random sampling | 18–70 | 587 (242/345) | 191 (93/98) | NR | 32.5 (38.4/28.4) | NR | Manual | 3 | 3 | ≥ 140/90 OR medicine | 97.8 | Jan to Jul 2015 | Kageshwari-Manohara and Nagarjun Municipalities | urban | middle |
| Biraj M Karmacharya (2017) | Cross-sectional study | Simple random sampling | ≥ 18 | 1073 (446/627) | 298 (167/131) | NR | 27.8 (37.4/20.9) | NR | Digital | 3 | NR | ≥ 140/90 OR medicine | NR | Nov 2013 to Feb 2015 | Dhulikhel Municipality | suburban | high |
| Dinesh Neupane (2017) | Cross-sectional study | Kish technique | 25–65 | 2815 (971/1844) | 838 (369/424) | NR | 29.8 (38/23) | NR | Digital | 3 | NR | ≥ 140/90 OR medicine | 98 | 2013 | Lekhnath Municipality | suburban | high |
| Mahesh Kumar Khana (2017) | Cross-sectional study | Multistage clustered sampling | ≥ 30 | 1159 (335/824) | 451 (161/290) | NR | 38.9 (48.1/35.2) | NR | Digital | 2 | 3 | ≥ 140/90 OR medicine | 96.6 | Jan to Dec 2016 | Birendranagar Municipality of Surkhet District | Urban | High |
| Ministry of Health,Nepal (2017) | Cross-sectional study | Two stage stratified cluster sampling | ≥ 15 | 14,494 (6059/8435) | 2835 (1418/1417) | 3961 (1903/2058) | 19.6 (23.4/16.8) | 27.3 (31.4/24.4) | Digital | 3 | 5 | ≥ 140/90 OR medicine | 99 | Jun 2016 to Jan 2017 | Nationwide | both | high |
| Basant Maharjan (2018) | Cross-sectional study | Proportionate probability sampling | 20–59 | 580 (264/316) | 215 (110/105) | 130 | 37.0 (41.6/32.2) | 22.4 (NR) | Digital | NR | NR | ≥ 140/90 OR medicine | NR | Dec 2015 to Apr 2016 | Kirtipur Municipality | urban | middle |
aThe study conducted among specific gender groups was only included in the gender-specific subgroup analysis.bThe study contained overlapped respondents with another study (Sanjib Kumar Sharma 2011), and was only included in the pre-hypertensive prevalence estimation
NR not reported
—: not applicable