Table 2.
Factors associated with sarcopenia using univariate analysis
| Characteristic | Crude Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
P value |
|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 1.15 (1.10–1.20) | < 0.001 |
| Gender | ||
| Men | 1 | – |
| Women | 1.82 (1.16–2.86) | 0.009 |
| Ethnicity | ||
| Malay/ Indian/ Others | 1 | – |
| Chinese | 2.08 (1.22–3.53) | 0.007 |
| Physical Activity level | ||
| Done light house work in past 1 week | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.75 (1.02–3.03) | 0.043 |
| Done heavy house work in past 1 week | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.45 (0.93–2.27) | 0.105 |
| Worked for pay/volunteer in past 1 week | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 2.00 (1.25–3.13) | 0.004 |
| Vigorous activity, min/day | 0.95 (0.87–1.04) | 0.292 |
| Moderate activity, min/day | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 0.685 |
| Walking, min/day | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.468 |
| Sitting, min/day | 0.99 (0.99–0.99) | 0.005 |
| Dietary protein intake | ||
| Legumes/Lentils, number of meals | 0.58 (0.37–0.91) | 0.018 |
| Meat/Seafood/Eggs, number of meals | 1.40 (1.01–1.93) | 0.041 |
| Nuts/Soy, number of meals | 1.16 (0.86–1.57) | 0.321 |
| Dairy products, number of meals | 1.25 (0.92–1.68) | 0.148 |
| Other sources of protein, number of meals | 0.66 (0.07–5.97) | 0.711 |
| Social demographics | ||
| Married | ||
| Yes | 1 | |
| No | 1.67 (0.95–2.86) | 0.071 |
| Highest qualification (Secondary level & above) | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.63 (0.38–1.04) | 0.07 |
| Medical subsidy (CHAS card holder) | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.93 (0.56–1.55) | 0.792 |
| Lifestyle factors | ||
| Current smoker | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.44 (0.15–1.30) | 0.138 |
| Regular alcohol use | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.43 (0.10–1.96) | 0.276 |
| Use of supplements/ complementary medicines | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.34 (0.86–2.10) | 0.199 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.76 (0.70–0.83) | < 0.001 |
| Waist Circumference, cm | 0.92 (0.90–0.95) | < 0.001 |
| Hip Circumference, cm | 0.87 (0.83–0.90) | < 0.001 |
| Waist/hip ratio | 0.08 (0.00–4.77) | 0.224 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.084 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | 0.042 |
| HbA1C, % | 0.81 (0.63–1.04) | 0.093 |
| Years of Diabetes | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 0.013 |
| Diabetic nephropathy | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.99 (1.16–3.41) | 0.013 |
| Lipid profile | ||
| Total Cholesterol, mmol/L | 0.89 (0.67–1.19) | 0.444 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1.76 (0.95–3.26) | 0.07 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 0.78 (0.54–1.12) | 0.18 |
| TG, mmol/L | 0.79 (0.55–1.14) | 0.21 |
| Number of polyclinic visits with doctors last year | 0.78 (0.64–0.95) | 0.013 |
| Chronic illnesses | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease | ||
| No | 1 | – |
| Yes | 1.76 (1.01–3.06) | 0.047 |
| Anaemia | ||
| No | 1 | – |
| Yes | 2.73 (1.30–5.74) | 0.008 |
| Hypertension | ||
| No | 1 | – |
| Yes | 1.31 (0.64–2.67) | 0.459 |
| Hyperlipidemia | ||
| No | 1 | – |
| Yes | 0.49 (0.17–1.44) | 0.195 |
| Ischemic Heart Disease | ||
| No | 1 | – |
| Yes | 1.70 (0.99–2.91) | 0.053 |
| Total number of medical conditions | 1.22 (1.06–1.39) | 0.005 |
| Total number of long term medications | 1.03 (0.94–1.12) | 0.566 |