Table 4.
In vivo studies in models of cardiac arrest employing argon for neuroprotection
| Article | Model of CA | Animal | No-flow time (mins) | CPR duration (mins) | Comparison | Treatment onset | Neurobehavioral tests | Histopathology | Biochemistry | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NDS/NAS | OFT | MWT | VPT | TRT | OPC | RTD | Hippocampus CA1 | Hippocampus CA3/4 | Neocortex | Basal ganglia | ||||||||
| Brücken et al., 2017[49] | Transesophageal electrical stimulation | Rat | 9 | 3 | Ar/O2 70/30 + MTH | 1 h | ↓ | NA | NA | NA | NA | ↓ | NA | ↓ | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| after ROSC | ||||||||||||||||||
| Duration: 1 h | ||||||||||||||||||
| Zuercher et al., 2016[16] | KCl + esmolol | Rat | 8 | 8 | Ar/O2 50/50 | 15 min | ≈ | ≈ | NA | ≈ | ≈ | NA | NA | ≈↑ | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Duration: 24 h | after ROSC | |||||||||||||||||
| Brücken et al., 2015[14] | Transesophageal electrical stimulation | Rat | 7 | 3 | Ar/O2 70/30 | 1-3 h | ↑ | ↑ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | NA |
| Duration: 1 h | after ROSC | |||||||||||||||||
| Brücken et al., 2014[12] | Transesophageal electrical stimulation | Rat | 7 | 3 | Ar/O2/N2 40/30/30 | 1 h | ↑ | ↑ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ↑ | ↑ | NA | NA |
| after ROSC | ||||||||||||||||||
| Ar/O2 70/30 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Duration: 5 h | ||||||||||||||||||
| Ristagno et al., 2014[13] | LAD occlusion | Pig | 8 | 5 | Ar/O2 70/30 | Immediately | ↑ | NA | NA | NA | NA | ↑ | NA | ≈↑ | NA | NA | NA | NSE: ↑ |
| Duration: 4 h | after ROSC | |||||||||||||||||
| Brücken et al., 2013[15] | Transesophageal electrical stimulation | Rat | 7 | 3 | Ar/O2 70/30 | 1 h | ↑ | ↑ | ≈↑ | NA | NA | NA | NA | ≈ | ↑ | ↑ | ≈ | BDNF: ≈ |
| Duration: 1 h | after ROSC | |||||||||||||||||
↑: Treatment with argon was significantly neuroprotective compared to control, ≈↑: Treatment with argon showed a trend towards neuroprotection compared to control, ≈: Treatment with argon was equivalent to control, ↓: Treatment with Argon was significantly worse than control. Ar: Argon, O2: Oxygen, N2: Nitrogen; He: helium; NA: Not available; CA: Cardiac arrest; CPR: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, NDS: Neurological deficit score, NAS: Neurological alertness score, OFT: Open field test, MWT: Morris water maze, VPT: Vertical pole test; TRT: Tape removal test, OPC: Overall performance category, RTD: Rotarod, MTH: Mild therapeutic hypothermia, ROSC: Return of spontaneous circulation, LAD: Left anterior descending coronary artery, NSE: Sieric neuron-specific enolase, BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor