Table 4.
Characteristics of the studies that assessed injuries prevention and rehabilitation
| Study (year) | Sample (n) | Mean Age ± SD | Injury | Muscle Group | Results | Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Álvarez-Diaz et al60 | 40 competitive Soccer players | 22.3±6.9 | ACLR | VM, VL, RF, ST, BF, GM and GL | ↓ Ts and Tr for VL, Tc for RF and Tc and Dm for BF in both sides ↓Tc for VL, ST and GM, Tr for GL and Td for GL in injured side ↑Tr for VM and Ts for Gm in injured side ↓Tr for RF and Td for BF uninjured side ↑% SM in VM, VL, RF, and GM |
↑ resistance to fatigue in VL, VM and RF in both sides ↑ Muscle contraction velocity and tone in BF, VL, VM and RF in both sides Changes in gastrocnemius only in the injury side ↑% SM between both sides |
| Alvarez-Diaz et al61 | 40 Competitive male soccer players | 22.3±6.8 | ACL | VM, VL, RF, ST, BF, GM and GL | ↑Tc for VM, VL, RF ↑Tc and Dm for BF ↑Tc, Tr and Dm and ↓Ts for GM for GM ↑Tc for VM, VL, RF, ST, BF |
The vastbmajority of TMG parameters were higher in the injured compared to the control group. Effects were worst in the quadriceps and GM compared to the hamstrings and GL |
| Alentorn-Geli et al55 | 40 soccer players | 22.3±6.8 | Complete ACL tear | VM, VL, RF, ST and BF | ↑Tr for VL, Tc for FR, Tc, Tr and Ts for RF, and Tr Dm for BF in injury side | ↓resistance to fatigue and muscle stiffness (ST and BF), may be an injury risk factor for ACL injury |
| Alentorn-Geli et al54 | 40 Competive male soccer players | 22.3±6.8 | ACL tear | GM and GL | ↑Tr and Dm for GM in injured group | ↓resistance to fatigue and muscle stiffness of GM GM and GL may not be an injury risk factor for ACL |
| Atiković et al59 | 1 artistic gymnastic Olympic medallist | 19 | Spinal cord injury | BF, ES, GMx, RF | 95% LS for BF, 76% for ES, 92% GMx and 79% for RF | ↓LS for ES and RF ↑LS for Gmx ↑values for ES and GMx |
| Maeda et al62 | 10 (3 men +7 women) with previus ACLR hisotry | Men: 23.9±4.4 Women: 21.6±3.1 |
ACLR | VM, VL, RF, BF | ↑Dm for VM compared with non-ACLR side ↑Tr for VM and BF in both sides |
↑Muscle contraction velocity and tone in antagonist could prevent ACL injury |
Abbreviations: ACL, anterior cruciate ligament; ACLR, Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; AL: adductor longus; VM, vastus medialis; VL, vastus lateralis; RF, rectus femoris, ST, semitendinous; BF, biceps femoris; GM, gastrocnemius medialis; GL, gastrocnemius lateralis; ES, erector spinae, GMx, gluteus maximus; LS, lateral symmetry; % SM, percentage of symmetry; Dm, maximal displacement; Tc, contraction time; Td, delay time; Ts, sustained time; Tr, half-relaxation time; CG, control group.