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Postulated association between immune system suppression and activation with polyomaviruria. (Left) Immunosuppressed host: BK viruria increases and can cause pathologic BK virus nephropathy, with no effect on JC viruria. (Middle) Immunocompetent host without CKD: JC or BK viruria could be present without clinical consequences. (Right) Host with CKD: upregulated inflammatory signaling restricts JC viruria with no effect on BK virus replication.
