Table 4.
Coexistent cardiac disease
| Outcome | OR/HR (95% CI) | P Value | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAD | Vascular disease shown to be a risk factor with multivariate analysis for failure of cardioversion within 30 days of ECV | OR: 1.54 (1.27–1.85) | <0.001 | Grönberg et al8 |
| CHD | Treatment of atrial arrhythmias in CHD has lower success rate, although not statistically significant and increased likelihood of arrhythmia recurrence (CHD vs control) | 40% vs 54% | 0.13 | Ammash et al11 |
| Fontan physiology was a multivariate predictor of AF recurrence | HR: 2.16 (1.24–4.35) | <0.001 | Egbe et al37 | |
| Rheumatic heart disease | History of rheumatic heart disease significantly shortens arrhythmia‐free episodes after ECV | — | — | Abu‐El‐Haija et al38 |
| LV systolic dysfunction | Multivariate analysis for failure of cardioversion within 30 days of ECV | OR: 1.54 (1.10–2.17) | 0.01 | Grönberg et al8 |
| LV diastolic dysfunction | Independent predictor of early (2‐week) and longtime (1‐year) AF recurrence; LV filling pressure > 8 | 2 weeks, OR: 1.297 (1.099–1.531); 1 year, OR: 1.319 (1.134–1.536) | 0.002, 0.0003 | Caputo et al39 |
| LVH | Patients with AF recurrence had a higher degree of LVH than did those without recurrence | OR: 2.52 (1.26–5.01) | 0.01 | Marchese et al5 |
| Valvular heart disease | Significant association with the need for multiple (≥2) ECVs in the first year after the initial one | HR: 2.36 (1.46–3.80) | 0.00004 | Raitt et al36 |
| LA size | LA diameter > 4.5 cm (sens, 70%; spec, 50%; ≥2 ECV in the first year) | OR: 1.86 (1.20–2.88) | 0.005 | Raitt et al36 |
| Increased incidence of recurrence at long‐term follow‐up with enlarged atrial volume | HR: 1.39 (1.11–1.18) | 0.013 | Toso et al3 | |
| Smaller LA diameter as independent predictor for SR at follow‐up | OR: 0.92 (0.95–0.99) | 0.005 | Pisters et al4 | |
| Independent predictor for AF recurrence >4.4 cm | OR: 1.126 (1.015–1.249) | 0.025 | Efremidis et al42 | |
| LA enlargement; each mL/cm2 increase in indexed LA volume 21% increase of AF recurrence | OR: 1.21 (1.11–1.30) | <0.0001 | Marchese et al5 | |
| LA dimension <3.7 cm | OR: 5.9 (1.4–25.4) | 0.02 | Frick et al6 |
Abbreviations: AF, atrial fibrillation; CAD, coronary artery disease; CHD, congenital heart disease; CI, confidence interval; ECV, electrical cardioversion; HR, hazard ratio; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; OR, odds ratio; sens, sensitivity; spec, specificity.