Table 1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics in the Derivation Cohort.
| Characteristic | SF Group (n = 46) | NSF Group (n = 61) | P Valuea |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | |||
| Sex, No. (%) | |||
| Male | 19 (41.3) | 20 (32.8) | .42 |
| Female | 27 (58.7) | 41 (67.2) | |
| Handedness, No. (%) | |||
| Right | 37 (80.4) | 51 (83.6) | .80 |
| Left | 9 (19.6) | 10 (16.4) | |
| Presurgical seizures, No. (%) | |||
| SPS | 26 (56.5) | 39 (63.9) | .55 |
| CPS | 44 (95.7) | 57 (93.4) | .70 |
| SGS | 33 (71.7) | 48 (78.7) | .50 |
| Status epilepticus | 4 (8.7) | 10 (16.4) | .39 |
| Frequency per month, median (IQR) | |||
| CPS | 7 (3-12) | 8 (3-11) | .93 |
| SGS | 0.3 (0.1-1.0) | 0.3 (0.1-1.8) | .46 |
| Acute postoperative seizures, No. (%) | 1 (2.2) | 3 (4.9) | .63 |
| Age, median (IQR), y | |||
| At seizure onset | 8 (3-17) | 11 (7-19) | .09 |
| At surgery | 35 (28-44) | 37 (31-47) | .23 |
| At middle scan | 34 (28-44) | 37 (31-47) | .20 |
| Duration of epilepsy at surgery, median (IRQ), y | 24 (15-37) | 21 (15-36) | .89 |
| Side of surgery, No. (%) | |||
| Right | 16 (34.8) | 23 (37.7) | .84 |
| Left | 30 (65.2) | 38 (62.3) | |
| Preoperative MRI findings, No. (%) | |||
| Hippocampal sclerosis | 40 (87.0) | 46 (75.4) | .15 |
| Lesion | 9 (19.6) | 17 (27.9) | .37 |
| Normal | 2 (4.3) | 5 (8.2) | .70 |
| Pathologic finding, No. (%) | |||
| Hippocampal sclerosis | 41 (89.1) | 50 (82.0) | .41 |
| Cavernoma | 2 (4.3) | 3 (4.9) | >.99 |
| DNT | 1 (2.2) | 1 (1.6) | >.99 |
| Gliosis | 2 (4.3) | 7 (11.5) | .30 |
| Neuropsychometricb | |||
| Preoperative Verbal IQ, median (IQR)c | 92 (84-107) | 88 (79-102) | .25 |
| Preoperative Performance IQ, median (IQR)c | 98 (76-106) | 96 (80-107) | .70 |
| Verbal memory outcome, No. (%) | |||
| Improved | 1 (0.3) | 7 (16.3) | .22 |
| No change | 20 (66.7) | 26 (60.5) | |
| Declined | 9 (30.0) | 10 (23.2) | |
| Visual memory outcome, No. (%) | |||
| Improved | 3 (10.0) | 4 (9.3) | .67 |
| No change | 24 (80.0) | 31 (72.1) | |
| Declined | 3 (10.0) | 8 (18.6) | |
| Psychiatric | |||
| Preoperative, No. (%) | |||
| Depression | 15 (32.6) | 27 (44.3) | .24 |
| Interictal or postictal psychosis | 3 (6.5) | 6 (9.8) | .73 |
| Anxiety disorder | 5 (10.9) | 11 (18.0) | .41 |
| Postoperative, No. (%) | |||
| Depression | 12 (26.1) | 30 (49.2) | .02 |
| Interictal or postictal psychosis | 2 (4.3) | 6 (9.8) | .46 |
| Anxiety disorder | 8 (17.4) | 14 (23.0) | .63 |
Abbreviations: CPS, complex partial seizure; DNT, dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor; IQR, interquartile range; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NSF, non–seizure-free; SF, seizure-free; SGS, secondary generalized seizure; SPS, simple partial seizure.
a
Analyzed with Fisher exact test or Mann-Whitney test, reporting 2-sided P values.
b
Neuropsychological data were not available in 34 cases, including 16 patients in the SF group and 18 patients in the NSF group.
c
Assessed using the Wechler Adult Intelligence Scale III. Each number represents composite function assessed across a number of subtests recorded at a specific point, with higher scores indicating better performance.