Table 4.
Factors associated with depression in women with chronic pelvic pain and in pain-free controls
| Factors | Total | Depression | Crude | Adjusted | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | (%) | PR (95%CI) | PR (95%CI)a | |||
| Pain | Without pain | 100 | 38 | (38.0) | Reference | Reference |
| With pain | 100 | 63 | (63.0) | 1.7 (1.2–2.2)b | 1.6 (1.2–2.2)b | |
| Age (years) | <25 | 18 | 7 | (38.9) | Reference | Reference |
| 25–34 | 55 | 26 | (47.3) | 1.2 (0.6–2.3) | 1.0 (0.5–1.9) | |
| 35–39 | 37 | 20 | (54.1) | 1.4 (0.7–2.7) | 1.2 (0.6–2.2) | |
| 40–44 | 47 | 25 | (53.2) | 1.4 (0.7–2.6) | 1.1 (0.6–2.2) | |
| ≥45 | 43 | 23 | (53.5) | 1.4 (0.7–2.6) | 1.1 (0.6–2.2) | |
| Skin color | White | 60 | 29 | (48.3) | Reference | Reference |
| Black | 22 | 13 | (59.1) | 1.2 (0.7–1.9) | 1.2 (0.7–1.9) | |
| Brown | 115 | 57 | (49.6) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | |
| Yellow | 3 | 2 | (66.7) | 1.4 (0.5–3.2) | 1.3 (0.4–3.6) | |
| Marital status | Single | 51 | 21 | (41.2) | Reference | Reference |
| Married | 125 | 64 | (51.2) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | |
| Divorced | 22 | 15 | (68.2) | 1.7 (1.1–2.6)b | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | |
| Widowed | 2 | 1 | (50.0) | 1.2 (0.2–5.0) | 0.9 (0.2–3.8) | |
| Monthly family income (R$) | 1,000 or less | 49 | 29 | (59.2) | Reference | Reference |
| 1,001–1,600 | 57 | 28 | (49.1) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | |
| 1,600–2,300 | 44 | 22 | (50.0) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | |
| >2,300 | 50 | 22 | (44.0) | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | |
| Employment status | Employed | 98 | 43 | (43.9) | Reference | Reference |
| Unemployed | 15 | 8 | (53.3) | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | 1.4 (0.8–2.5) | |
| Retired | 6 | 3 | (50.0) | 1.1 (0.4–2.6) | 1.3 (0.5–3.0) | |
| Homemaker | 81 | 47 | (58.0) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | |
| Schooling | <11 years | 96 | 55 | (57.3) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥11 years | 104 | 46 | (44.2) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | |
| Smoking | Nonsmoker | 178 | 83 | (46.6) | Reference | Reference |
| Smoker | 22 | 18 | (81.8) | 1.7 (1.3–2.3)b | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | |
| Physical activity | Yes | 46 | 17 | (37.0) | Reference | Reference |
| No | 154 | 84 | (54.6) | 1.5 (0.9–2.2) | 1.5 (0.9–2.2) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | <25 | 93 | 47 | (50.5) | Reference | Reference |
| 25.00–29.99 | 71 | 33 | (46.5) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | |
| ≥30 | 36 | 21 | (58.3) | 1.2 (0.8–1.6) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | |
| Alcohol consumption | No | 122 | 67 | (54.9) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 78 | 34 | (43.6) | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | 1.2 (0.8–1.6) | |
| Diabetes | No | 191 | 93 | (48.7) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 9 | 8 | (88.9) | 1.8 (1.3–2.4)b | 1.3 (0.6–2.6) | |
| Hypertension | No | 167 | 83 | (49.7) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 33 | 18 | (54.6) | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | 1.0 (0.6–1.5) | |
| Physical abuse | No | 149 | 69 | (46.3) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 51 | 32 | (62.8) | 1.4 (1.1–1.8)b | 1.3 (1.1–1.7)b | |
| Sexual abuse | No | 171 | 76 | (44.4) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 29 | 25 | (86.2) | 1.9 (1.5–2.4)b | 1.7 (1.3–2.2)b | |
| Menopausal status | Premenopausal | 158 | 81 | (51.3) | Reference | Reference |
| Postmenopausal | 42 | 20 | (47.6) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) | |
| Parity | Nulliparous | 39 | 16 | (41.0) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥1 | 161 | 85 | (52.8) | 1.3 (0.8–1.9) | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | |
Notes: aPrevalence ratio adjusted for age, skin color, schooling, body mass index and pain. bSignificant association (p<0.05).