Optogenetic activation of the right PN had no significant effect on the acquisition, recent and remote retrieval of DEC with either the sCS or wCS. (A) Rats were injected with pAAV 2/9-hSyn-ChR2-mCherry or pAAV 2/9-hSyn-mCherry targeting the right PN. (B) Example of ChR2-mCherry expression in the right PN. White dashed line: optrode position. Scale bar, 500 μm. (C) Representative images showing cell-specific ChR2-mCherry expression (red) in neurons (green) of the PN. Scale bar, 20 μm. (D) Statistics of expression in neurons (658 cells, from 5 rats). (E) Scheme for optical fiber implant site and 470-nm illumination phase pattern to the right PN during each trial. (F–K) Top: Training and illumination protocol. Bottom: Effects of optogenetic activation of the right PN during each trial on CR% of acquisition (F,I: n = 12 ChR2: PN, n = 11 mCherry: PN), recent retrieval (G: n = 11 each; J: n = 10 each), and remote retrieval (H: n = 12 ChR2: PN, n = 11 mCherry: PN groups; K: n = 9 ChR2: PN, n = 11 mCherry: PN) of DEC with the sCS or wCS (N.S., not significant, 2-way ANOVA with repeated measures or 2-tailed unpaired Student's t-test). Data are represented as mean ± s.e.m.