Table 3.
Multinomial logistic regression for ideal status for each cardiovascular health metrics: Main and interactive associations by education and ethnicity
| Smoking | Physical Activity | BMI | Diet | Total Cholesterol | Blood Pressure | Blood Glucose | 6–7 Ideal Metrics | Optimal Score | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education | |||||||||
| Postgraduatea | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) |
| College | 0.70 (0.34‐1.47) | 1.03 (0.79‐1.34) | 0.87 (0.75‐1.00) | 0.83 (0.64‐1.06) | 0.95 (0.76‐1.19) | 0.88 (0.73‐1.05) | 1.07 (0.79‐1.43) | 0.90 (0.71‐1.14) | 0.86 (0.74‐1.00) |
| Some college | 0.48 (0.22‐1.02) | 0.81 (0.61‐1.07) | 0.46 (0.39‐0.53)b | 0.58 (0.42‐0.78)b | 0.93 (0.72‐1.19) | 0.59 (0.48‐0.71)b | 0.67 (0.49‐0.90)b | 0.45 (0.34‐0.59)b | 0.48 (0.40‐0.56)b |
| High school or less | 0.34 (0.14‐0.81)b | 0.60 (0.42‐0.85) b | 0.47 (0.38‐0.59)b | 0.48 (0.30‐0.77)b | 0.85 (0.62‐1.16) | 0.49 (0.38‐0.63)b | 0.50 (0.36‐0.71)b | 0.29 (0.19‐0.44)b | 0.37 (0.29‐0.47)b |
| Ethnicity | |||||||||
| White | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) |
| Hispanic | 1.91 (1.09‐3.37) | 0.89 (0.67‐1.17) | 0.78 (0.67‐0.90)b | 0.61 (0.47‐0.79)b | 1.23 (0.99‐1.54) | 1.26 (1.05‐1.52) | 1.12 (0.84‐1.49) | 1.26 (0.99‐1.61) | 1.11 (0.94‐1.29) |
| Black | 2.57 (1.14‐5.75) | 0.89 (0.63‐1.24) | 0.35 (0.29‐0.42)b | 0.36 (0.24‐0.53)b | 1.65 (1.23‐2.21)b | 0.39 (0.31‐0.48)b | 0.72 (0.52‐1.01) | 0.43 (0.30‐0.61)b | 0.44 (0.36‐0.54)b |
| Otherc | 2.20 (0.82‐5.87) | 1.17 (0.76‐1.81) | 1.42 (1.14‐1.77)b | 0.47 (0.31‐0.72)b | 1.14 (0.83‐1.57) | 0.64 (0.49‐0.83)b | 0.72 (0.49‐1.07) | 0.82 (0.57‐1.18) | 0.95 (0.76‐1.20) |
| Education and ethnicity | |||||||||
| Postgraduate white | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) |
| Postgraduate Hispanic | 0.91 (0.23‐3.55) | 0.61 (0.33‐1.13) | 0.75 (0.56‐1.00) | 0.55 (0.35‐0.87) | 1.67 (1.07‐2.59) | 1.57 (1.10‐2.25) | 1.18 (0.64‐2.16) | 1.10 (0.69‐1.76) | 0.98 (0.72‐1.33) |
| Postgraduate black | — | 0.45 (0.20‐1.00) | 0.40 (0.26‐0.61)b | 0.29 (0.12‐0.70) | 1.37 (0.74‐2.55) | 0.40 (0.25‐0.65)b | 0.45 (0.22‐0.93) | 0.29 (0.12‐0.68) | 0.37 (0.23‐0.59)b |
| Postgraduate other | — | 0.77 (0.31‐1.89) | 1.72 (1.10‐2.69) | 0.42 (0.19‐0.89) | 1.07 (0.58‐1.99) | 0.85 (0.51‐1.42) | 0.63 (0.29‐1.39) | 0.98 (0.49‐1.96) | 0.96 (0.61‐1.51) |
| College white | 0.42 (0.12‐1.51) | 0.70 (0.36‐1.35) | 0.87 (0.65‐1.18) | 0.80 (0.51‐1.26) | 1.18 (0.76‐1.82) | 1.00 (0.69‐1.44) | 0.74 (0.41‐1.33) | 0.78 (0.48‐1.26) | 0.77 (0.56‐1.06) |
| College Hispanic | 1.27 (0.34‐4.79) | 0.67 (0.37‐1.21) | 0.66 (0.51‐0.86) | 0.47 (0.31‐0.71)b | 1.29 (0.87‐1.92) | 1.26 (0.91‐1.76) | 1.20 (0.68‐2.09) | 1.10 (0.71‐1.71) | 0.86 (0.65‐1.14) |
| College black | 1.09 (0.22‐5.49) | 0.55 (0.28‐1.07) | 0.34 (0.24‐0.47)b | 0.25 (0.13‐0.47)b | 1.60 (0.97‐2.64) | 0.42 (0.29‐0.62)b | 0.87 (0.44‐1.69) | 0.48 (0.27‐0.84) | 0.39 (0.28‐0.56)b |
| College other | 1.48 (0.24‐8.97) | 0.97 (0.44‐2.08) | 1.32 (0.93‐1.88) | 0.28 (0.14‐0.54)b | 1.38 (0.82‐2.30) | 0.60 (0.40‐0.89) | 0.70 (0.36‐1.37) | 0.54 (0.30‐0.96) | 0.77 (0.53‐1.10) |
| Some college white | 0.44 (0.10‐1.86) | 0.48 (0.23‐1.01) | 0.49 (0.34‐0.71)b | 0.44 (0.24‐0.84) | 0.92 (0.55‐1.53) | 0.85 (0.55‐1.31) | 0.79 (0.40‐1.59) | 0.30 (0.15‐0.63)b | 0.43 (0.29‐0.64)b |
| Some college Hispanic | 0.76 (0.21‐2.80) | 0.49 (0.27‐0.90) | 0.39 (0.29‐0.51)b | 0.30 (0.19‐0.49)b | 1.29 (0.86‐1.94) | 0.80 (0.57‐1.13) | 0.63 (0.37‐1.08) | 0.38 (0.16‐0.91)b | 0.50 (0.37‐0.67)b |
| Some college black | 0.81 (0.16‐4.08) | 0.61 (0.30‐1.77) | 0.14 (0.10‐0.21)b | 0.23 (0.11‐0.47)b | 2.18 (1.22‐3.91) | 0.27 (0.18‐0.41)b | 0.46 (0.25‐0.87) | 0.21 (0.11‐0.40)b | 0.20 (0.14‐0.29)b |
| Some college other | 0.24 (0.05‐1.22) | 0.63 (0.23‐1.71) | 0.37 (0.22‐0.62)b | 0.48 (0.19‐1.17) | 1.28 (0.60‐2.72) | 0.38 (0.20‐0.69) | 0.43 (0.19‐0.98) | 0.51 (0.32‐0.81) | 0.32 (0.19‐0.54)b |
| High School or less white | 0.28 (0.05‐1.69) | 0.27 (0.10‐0.72) | 0.50 (0.27‐0.92) | 0.20 (0.05‐0.56) | 1.62 (0.62‐4.12) | 0.58 (0.27‐1.23) | 0.75 (0.24‐2.34) | 0.40 (0.13‐1.20) | 0.34 (0.17‐0.66) |
| High School or less Hispanic | 0.41 (0.11‐1.61) | 0.36 (0.19‐0.71) | 0.39 (0.28‐0.55) | 0.29 (0.15‐0.54)b | 1.03 (0.63‐1.65) | 0.76 (0.51‐1.13) | 0.48 (0.26‐0.87)b | 0.39 (0.22‐0.71) | 0.41 (0.29‐0.59)b |
| High School or less black | 0.68 (0.14‐3.41) | 0.46 (0.21‐0.97) | 0.14 (0.09‐0.22)b | 0.16 (0.06‐0.42)b | 1.88 (1.03‐3.42) | 0.18 (0.12‐0.29)b | 0.31 (0.17‐0.58)b | 0.03 (0.01‐0.14)b | 0.11 (0.07‐0.18)b |
| High School or less other | — | 0.41 (0.13‐1.32) | 0.83 (0.37‐1.82) | 0.39 (0.09‐1.68) | 0.88 (0.34‐2.31) | 0.47 (0.19‐1.15) | 0.40 (0.14‐1.15) | 0.45 (0.11‐1.85) | 0.49 (0.21‐1.13) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval.
Values are presented as odds ratio (95% CI). Odds ratios were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and education as appropriate. The “—” symbol indicates extremely small odds ratios. P values for interaction were not statistically significant.
a
Postgraduate includes professional degrees.
b
Statistically significant (P < 0.0014).
c
Includes Asian, American Indian, Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, and multiethnic.