Table 1.

Assessment of Schistosomiasis: Diagnosis, Disease Staging with Morbidity Markers, and Follow‐Up Post‐Treatment

Assessment		Community Settings	Institutional Settings
Diagnosis	Traditional	Parasitological methods	Parasitological methods Biopsya/tissueb Serology
	New Tools	Immunodiagnosis DNA detection RTc	Immunodiagnosis DNA detection RTc
Morbidity Markers	Traditional	US FOB	Doppler imaging Endoscopy Colonoscopy FOB
	New Tools	‐	Computed tomography Magnetic resonance Liver elastographyd
Follow‐Up Post‐Treatment	Traditional	Parasitological methods USe	Parasitological methods £ USe Doppler imaginge Endoscopye Colonoscopyf
	New Tools	DNA detectiong RTg	DNA detectiong RTg Liver elastographyg

Community settings is applicable to endemic areas.

Abbreviations: FOB, fecal occult blood; RT, rapid test; US, ultrasonography.

^aBiopsy: Includes rectal snips and liver biopsy

^bTissue: surgical specimens

^cRapid Tests: point‐of‐care CCA and CAA (S. mansoni)

^dIn individuals who are not egg excretors before treatment, parasitological tests are unsuitable for follow‐up and assessment of cure

^eIndicated in individuals with hepatic schistosomiasis

^fIn individuals with concomitant intestinal presentation.

^gFew numbers of studies and/or small study populations recruited are the limitations to validate the procedures. Further studies are still necessary.