Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants by Change in CAC Score at Follow‐up
| CAC Change | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Overall | No Change or Improvement in CAC | CAC Increased From Baseline | P Value |
| N | 2175 | 1583 | 592 | |
| Age, y | 42.5 (5.7) | 41.6 (5.6) | 44.8 (5.5) | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 95.1 | 93.6 | 99.2 | <0.001 |
| Seoul center | 53.0 | 51.3 | 57.6 | 0.009 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.1 (3.0) | 24.9 (3.0) | 25.8 (3.0) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 48.5 | 45.4 | 56.9 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker | 33.9 | 33.2 | 35.6 | 0.288 |
| Alcohol intakea | 34.6 | 32.3 | 40.7 | <0.001 |
| High education levelb | 85.9 | 85.5 | 87.0 | 0.404 |
| DM | 8.6 | 6.3 | 15.0 | <0.001 |
| HTN | 24.0 | 20.3 | 33.6 | <0.001 |
| Medications | ||||
| For dyslipidemia | 5.4 | 4.0 | 9.0 | <0.001 |
| For DM | 3.6 | 2.4 | 6.8 | <0.001 |
| For HTN | 11.2 | 8.1 | 19.6 | <0.001 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 119.2 (12.2) | 118.5 (12.2) | 121.3 (11.9) | <0.001 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 76.5 (9.5) | 75.9 (9.4) | 78.1 (9.5) | <0.001 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 100.1 (17.5) | 98.6 (15.4) | 103.9 (21.9) | <0.001 |
| TC, mg/dL | 210.0 (37.2) | 206.8 (36.4) | 218.6 (38.0) | <0.001 |
| LDL‐C, mg/dL | 133.0 (33.5) | 130.0 (32.7) | 141.1 (34.2) | <0.001 |
| HDL‐C, mg/dL | 51.0 (12.1) | 51.7 (12.4) | 49.3 (11.1) | <0.001 |
| TG, mg/dL | 137 (94–197) | 130 (89–190) | 153 (110.5–215) | <0.001 |
| ALT, U/L | 25 (18–38) | 25 (18–37) | 28 (20–40) | <0.001 |
| GGTP, U/L | 36 (23–56) | 34 (22–54) | 40 (27–65) | <0.001 |
| HOMA‐IR | 1.34 (0.86–2.01) | 1.28 (0.82–1.90) | 1.51 (0.97–2.36) | <0.001 |
| Fatty liver | 52.5 | 49.0 | 61.7 | <0.001 |
| MetS | 26.3 | 22.2 | 36.1 | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min | 90.8 (13.8) | 91.1 (13.4) | 90.2 (14.7) | 0.184 |
| eGFR <60 mL/min | 0.28 | 0.19 | 0.51 | 0.228 |
| hsCRP, mg/dL | 0.06 (0.04–0.12) | 0.06 (0.03–0.11) | 0.07 (0.04–0.13) | 0.022 |
| CAC score | 19.2 (79.6) | 2.2 (19.9) | 64.9 (139.3) | <0.001 |
| CAC score | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–0) | 2 (16–64) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CAC, coronary artery calcium; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GGTP, γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol; HOMA‐IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; hsCRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; HTN, hypertension; IQR, interquartile range; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS, metabolic syndrome; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.
Data presented as %, mean ± SD, or median (IQR).
a
≥20 g/d.
b
≥ College graduate.