Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants by HOMA‐IR Quartiles
| HOMA‐IR Quartiles | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Overall | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P for Trend |
| N | 2175 | 544 | 544 | 544 | 543 | |
| Age, y | 42.5 (5.7) | 42.7 (6.0) | 42.9 (5.6) | 42.2 (5.8) | 42.1 (5.4) | 0.014 |
| Male sex | 95.1 | 93.8 | 94.7 | 94.9 | 97.1 | 0.016 |
| Seoul center | 53.0 | 56.3 | 52.4 | 54.6 | 48.8 | 0.036 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.1 (3.0) | 23.1 (2.3) | 24.4 (2.4) | 25.6 (2.4) | 27.3 (3.1) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 48.5 | 19.3 | 37.7 | 59.4 | 77.7 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker | 32.3 | 30.9 | 29.0 | 34.4 | 35.0 | 0.049 |
| Alcohol intakea | 34.6 | 33.5 | 33.6 | 34.2 | 37.2 | 0.197 |
| High education levelb | 85.9 | 85.5 | 86.5 | 86.9 | 84.8 | 0.788 |
| DM | 8.6 | 2.4 | 4.8 | 6.4 | 21.0 | <0.001 |
| HTN | 24.0 | 14.5 | 20.0 | 27.2 | 34.1 | <0.001 |
| Medications | ||||||
| For dyslipidemia | 5.4 | 3.3 | 4.4 | 6.3 | 7.6 | 0.001 |
| For DM | 3.6 | 0.7 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 8.8 | <0.001 |
| For HTN | 11.2 | 6.1 | 9.6 | 14.0 | 15.3 | <0.001 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 119.2 (12.2) | 114.8 (11.1) | 118.2 (11.9) | 120.4 (12.1) | 123.6 (12.0) | <0.001 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 76.5 (9.5) | 73.4 (8.8) | 75.5 (9.2) | 77.2 (9.2) | 79.9 (9.5) | <0.001 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 100.1 (17.5) | 91.4 (8.7) | 97.2 (10.4) | 99.8 (11.4) | 111.8 (26.4) | <0.001 |
| TC, mg/dL | 210.0 (37.2) | 203.7 (36.6) | 209.5 (36.9) | 211.8 (36.3) | 215.0 (38.2) | <0.001 |
| LDL‐C, mg/dL | 133.0 (33.5) | 128.5 (34.4) | 133.4 (33.6) | 134.6 (32.1) | 135.6 (33.5) | <0.001 |
| HDL‐C, mg/dL | 51.0 (12.1) | 56.9 (13.4) | 51.2 (11.9) | 49.1 (10.8) | 46.0 (9.4) | <0.001 |
| TG, mg/dL | 137 (94–197) | 95.5 (70–129.5) | 129 (93.5–179) | 156.5 (107–222) | 183 (133–259) | <0.001 |
| ALT, U/L | 25 (18–38) | 20 (15–27) | 23 (17–32) | 27 (20–40) | 35 (25–50) | <0.001 |
| GGTP, U/L | 36 (23–56) | 25 (18–40) | 32 (21–50) | 39 (27–59.5) | 48 (33–74) | <0.001 |
| Fatty liver | 52.5 | 25.4 | 42.0 | 59.7 | 82.8 | <0.001 |
| MetS | 26.3 | 6.2 | 13.3 | 31.0 | 58.1 | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min | 90.8 (13.8) | 90.1 (13.2) | 89.8 (13.8) | 91.4 (12.9) | 91.9 (15.0) | 0.008 |
| eGFR <60 mL/min | 0.28 | 0.00 | 0.74 | 0.37 | 0.00 | 0.716 |
| hsCRP, mg/dL | 0.06 (0.04–0.12) | 0.05 (0.02–0.09) | 0.05 (0.03–0.1) | 0.06 (0.04–0.12) | 0.08 (0.05–0.15) | <0.001 |
| CAC score if >0 | 19.2 (79.6) | 16.4 (75.9) | 12.7 (48.2) | 24.0 (95.1) | 24.0 (90.5) | 0.579 |
| CAC score if >0 | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–2) | 0 (0–4) | 0.579 |
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CAC, coronary artery calcium; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GGTP, γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol; HOMA‐IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; hsCRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; HTN, hypertension; IQR, interquartile range; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS, metabolic syndrome; Q, quartile; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.
Data presented as %, mean ± SD, or median (IQR).
a
≥20 g/d.
b
≥ College graduate.