Table 2.
Echocardiographic features of the subjects
| Variable | Control | Osteopenia | Osteoporosis | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 157 | 146 | 129 | — |
| Cardiac structure | ||||
| LVEDD, mm | 48.6 ± 5.4 | 49.1 ± 5.8 | 49.4 ± 5.5 | 0.472 |
| LVESD, mm | 27.1 ± 4.7 | 27.3 ± 5.0 | 27.8 ± 4.5 | 0.497 |
| IVSD, mm | 9.4 ± 1.2 | 9.5 ± 1.2 | 10.2 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| LVPWT, mm | 9.2 ± 1.1 | 9.3 ± 1.1 | 10.2 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
| LVWT, mm | 18.6 ± 1.7 | 18.7 ± 1.6 | 20.4 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
| LVRWT | 0.39 ± 0.06 | 0.39 ± 0.06 | 0.42 ± 0.06 | <0.001 |
| LV mass, g | 162.8 ± 35.3 | 167.6 ± 37.1 | 189.7 ± 43.0 | <0.001 |
| LV mass index, g/m2.7 | 45.7 ± 12.3 | 46.7 ± 12.8 | 51.6 ± 14.7 | <0.001 |
| LA diameter, mm | 33.6 ± 4.3 | 33.6 ± 4.6 | 36.0 ± 4.5 | <0.001 |
| LVEF, % | 62.4 ± 4.1 | 62.5 ± 3.4 | 63.0 ± 4.1 | 0.418 |
| LV diastolic function | ||||
| E velocity, cm/s | 63.1 ± 11.6 | 52.0 ± 9.8 | 53.7 ± 11.5 | 0.406 |
| A velocity, cm/s | 54.6 ± 10.8 | 72.3 ± 12.2 | 80.0 ± 16.3 | <0.001 |
| E/A ratio | 1.15 ± 0.15 | 0.89 ± 0.10 | 0.84 ± 0.18 | <0.001 |
| E′, cm/s | 7.6 ± 1.6 | 7.4 ± 1.6 | 7.1 ± 1.3 | 0.016 |
| E/E′ ratio | 8.6 ± 2.5 | 8.8 ± 1.8 | 9.4 ± 2.2 | 0.004 |
Abbreviations: A, peak late diastolic transmitral flow velocity; E, peak early diastolic transmitral flow velocity; E′, peak early diastolic mitral annular velocity; IVSD, interventricular septal diameter; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular; LVEDD, left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESD, left ventricular end‐systolic diameter; LVPWT, left ventricular posterior wall thickness; LVRWT, left ventricular relative wall thickness; LVWT, left ventricular wall thickness.