Table 1. Characteristics of the participants.
| Total n = 22,093 |
Urban n = 10,209 |
Semi-urban n = 4,228 |
Rural n = 7,656 |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 54.9 (10.7) | 54.8 (10.5) | 54.5 (10.5) | 55.1 (11.2) | 0.16 |
| Age group | 0.003 | ||||
| 40–44 | 3,951 (17.8) | 1,781 (17.4) | 790 (18.6) | 1,380 (18.0) | |
| 45–49 | 4,227 (19.1) | 1,960 (19.2) | 794 (18.7) | 1,473 (19.2) | |
| 50–54 | 4,021 (18.2) | 1,873 (18.3) | 792 (18.7) | 1,356 (17.7) | |
| 55–59 | 3,328 (15.0) | 1,584 (15.5) | 647 (15.3) | 1,097 (14.3) | |
| 60–64 | 2,443 (11.0) | 1,147 (11.2) | 465 (11.0) | 831 (10.8) | |
| 65–69 | 1,689 (7.6) | 799 (7.8) | 309 (7.3) | 581 (7.5) | |
| 70–74 | 1,097 (4.9) | 493 (4.8) | 208 (4.9) | 396 (5.1) | |
| 75+ | 1,337 (6) | 572 (5.6) | 223 (5.2) | 542 (7) | |
| Female | 12,512 (56.6) | 5,730 (56.1) | 2,411 (57) | 4,371 57) | 0.37 |
| Educational level | <0.001 | ||||
| Primary school or less | 13,416 (60.7) | 4,541 (44.4) | 3,117 (73.7) | 5,758 (75.3) | |
| Secondary school | 7,314 (33.1) | 4,630 (45.3) | 999 (23.6) | 1,658 (22.0) | |
| College or higher | 1,350 (6.1) | 1,038 (10.1) | 111 (2.6) | 201 (2.6) | |
| Marital status | <0.001 | ||||
| Single | 351 (1.5) | 223 (2.1) | 31 (0.7) | 97 (1.2) | |
| Married | 17,989 (81.6) | 8,216 (80.7) | 3,494 (82.7) | 6,279 (82.3) | |
| Divorced/separated | 614 (2.7) | 290 (2.8) | 106 (2.5) | 218 (2.8) | |
| Widowed | 3,076 (13.9) | 1,451 (14.2) | 593 (14.0) | 1,032 (13.5) | |
| Employment status | <0.001 | ||||
| Casual workers | 4,225 (19.1) | 998 (9.7) | 618 (14.6) | 2,609 (34.0) | |
| Government workers | 781 (3.5) | 517 (5) | 115 (2.7) | 149 (1.9) | |
| Private workers | 4,222 (19.1) | 1,799 (17.6) | 1,319 (31.2) | 1,104 (14.4) | |
| Self-employed | 5,221 (23.6) | 3,119 (30.5) | 734 (17.3) | 1,368 (17.8) | |
| Not working | 7,637 (34.5) | 3,772 (36.9) | 1,441 (34) | 2,424 (31.6) | |
| Mean systolic BP (mmHg) | 140.3 (23.7) | 140.7 (24.3) | 140.8 (23.8) | 139.6 (22.9) | 0.03 |
| Mean diastolic BP (mmHg) | 88.4 (13.0) | 88.9 (13.2) | 88.7 (13.1) | 87.5 (12.6) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.9 (4.7) | 25.1 (4.6) | 25.2 (4.7) | 24.5 (4.7) | <0.001 |
| Random plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 126 (60.4) | 125.8 (61.8) | 127.6 (61.6) | 125.3 (57.9) | <0.001 |
| Smoking behavior | <0.001 | ||||
| Current smokers, n(%) | 5,880 (26.6) | 2,563 (25.1) | 1,156 (27.3) | 2,161 (28.2) | |
| Past smokers, n(%) | 2,140 (9.6) | 1,057 (10.3) | 455 (10.7) | 628 (8.2) | |
| Non-smokers, n(%) | 14,073 (63.7) | 6,589 (64.5) | 2,617 (61.9) | 4,867 (63.5) | |
| 10-year risk of CVD | <0.001 | ||||
| <10% | 14,500 (65.6) | 6,485 (63.5) | 2,783 (65.8) | 5,232 (68.3) | |
| 10–20% | 1,131 (5.1) | 493 (4.8) | 229 (5.4) | 409 (5.3) | |
| 20–30% | 214 (0.9) | 105 (1.0) | 34 (0.8) | 75 (0.9) | |
| 30–40% | 13 (0.06) | 4 (0.04) | 4 (0.09) | 5 (0.07) | |
| <40% | 7 (0.03) | 5 (0.05) | 1 (0.02) | 1 (0.01) | |
| Past history of CVD | 765 (3.4) | 435 (4.2) | 125 (2.9) | 205 (2.6) | |
| Clinical high-risk | 5,461 (24.7) | 2,681 (26.2) | 1,051 (24.7) | 1,729 (22.5) |