Table 4. Main characteristics of accuracy in visuospatial WM studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Author | Cohen’s d | Variance | ASD N | ASD mean age | TD N | TD mean Age | ASD WM scores | TD WM scores | ASD FSIQ | TD FSIQ | Diagnosis | WM assess-ment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brenner et al. (2015) | -0.45 | 0.08 | 27 | 12.68 | 25 | 13.41 | 9.54 (2.80) | 10.82 (2.91) | 101.31 | 106.96 | ADI and ADOS | TRT |
| Crane et al. (2013) | -.067 | 0.08 | 28 | 41.57 | 28 | 40.53 | 10.16 (3.13) | 11.89 (1.92) | 117.18 | 115.11 | DC | WMS-III |
| Cui et al. (2010) | -0.93 | 0.13 | 12 | 7.46 | 29 | 7.37 | 8.00 (1.76) | 9.28 (1.19) | 100.03 | 108.31 | DC | BR and VPT |
| Geurts and Vissers (2012) | -0.88 | 0.10 | 23 | 63.60 | 23 | 63.70 | 6.60 (1.70) | 8.10 (1.70) | 109.50 | 109.80 | DC | WMS-III |
| Jiang et al. (2014) | -1.96 | 0.14 | 21 | 11.00 | 21 | 10.90 | 1.51 (0.30) | 2.01 (0.20) | 110.50 | 111.90 | ADI and ADOS | SWMT |
| Maister et al. (2011) | -0.38 | 0.14 | 15 | 11.80 | 15 | 11.20 | 12.30 (2.50) | 13.10 (1.60) | 39.70 | 40.00 | ADI and DC | MST |
| Nakahachi et al., 2006 | -0.51 | 0.10 | 16 | 28.00 | 28 | 28.30 | 31.90 (12.30) | 37.40 (9.70) | 101.00 | 103.00 | DC | ATMT |
| Schuh et al. (2012) | -1.00 | 0.13 | 18 | 12.00 | 18 | 13.00 | 9.00 (2.00) | 11.00 (2.00) | 105.00 | 104.00 | ADI and ADOS | FW |
| Williams et al. (2005) a1 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 31 | 26.58 | 25 | 26.76 | 570.03 (128.91) | 554.08 (121.34) | 108.65 | 109.76 | N-Back | |
| Williams et al. (2005) a2 | -0.32 | 0.07 | 24 | 11.75 | 44 | 12.39 | 576.79 (127.26) | 623.14 (150.98) | 109.67 | 109.95 | ADI and ADOS | N-Back |
| Williams et al. (2005) b | -1.58 | 0.08 | 29 | 28.73 | 34 | 26.53 | 7.28 (3.02) | 11.85 (2.79) | 105.86 | 109.65 | ADI and ADOS | WMS-III |
| Williams et al. (2006) | -0.47 | 0.05 | 38 | 11.68 | 38 | 12.16 | 8.63 (2.83) | 9.92 (2.66) | 103.82 | 107.18 | ADI and ADOS | WMS-III |
Note: ASD: Autism spectrum disorder; TD: Typically developing; FSIQ: Full scale intelligence quotient; N: Number; WM: Working memory; ADI: Autism Diagnostic Interview; ADOS: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule; DC: Diagnosed by a clinician; BR: Block recall; ATMT: Advanced Trail Making test; VVT: variant-visual-pattern test; MTS: A visuo-spatial delayed match-to-sample task; FW: Finger Windows subtest from the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning; WMS-III: Wechsler Memory Scale; SWMT: Spatial working memory task; TRT: The time reproduction task.