Skip to main content
. 2019 Apr 30;8:e44433. doi: 10.7554/eLife.44433

Figure 2. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) on six geometric mean-standardized variables.

(A) The first two principal components representing 82% of the variance. (B) The first and third principal components representing 76% of the variance. Star = Ar. ramidus, Grey = Homo, green = Gorilla, purple = Pan, orange = Pongo, blue = Hylobates, red = Old World monkeys, light green = New World monkeys. Note the placement of Ar. ramidus with the African apes.

Figure 2.

Figure 2—figure supplement 1. UPGMA dendrogram on Euclidean distances in anthropoid primates and Ardipithecus ramidus.

Figure 2—figure supplement 1.

The cluster analysis was conducted using the first three principal components. African apes and Ar. ramidus cluster together, followed by Homo sapiens. Note that hylobatids cluster with Alouatta and Lagothrix.
Figure 2—figure supplement 2. Univariate comparisons of Ar. ramidus foot proportions to extant anthropoids.

Figure 2—figure supplement 2.

(A) Humans have the longest cuboids among living anthropoids. Note that Ar. ramidus has a cuboid that is relatively longer than most taxa, but falls within the range of variation for G. gorilla, Papio, and Theropithecus. (B) Humans have the shortest phalanges among living anthropoids. Note the convergence between terrestrial apes and monkeys. Ar. ramidus falls within the range of variation for G. gorilla, Papio, and Erythrocebus. (C) Hominoids and select anthropoids have relatively long first metatarsals. Note the long MT1 of Alouatta, Lagothrix, Cebus, and the arboreally adapted papionins. Ar. ramidus falls within the ranges of variation for African apes and Alouatta.