Phillips 2012.

Methods	Country: USA Setting: hospital RCT
Participants	Mothers who had previously smoked who had babies in the neonatal intensive care unit
Interventions	Intervention: given information about bonding with the infant Both groups given handouts regarding second‐hand smoke exposure; neonatologist used motivational interviewing to prevent reuptake of smoking by the mother
Outcomes	Eight‐week follow‐up from baseline: • Re‐uptake of smoking by mother, measured by self‐report, carbon monoxide oximetry, and salivary cotinine
Type of intervention	Child with health problems (ill‐child health care)
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Computer‐generated random table
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Sequentially numbered opaque envelopes
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	High risk	Salivary cotinine levels on only 67% of mothers who completed the study (45% from control and 55% from intervention)
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Biological measure used
Other bias	High risk	Small numbers ‐ intervention N = 24 and control N = 30. More mothers in the intervention than in the control group had private insurance (P = 0.02). Trend for infants in the intervention group to have lower birth weight (P = 0.08) and longer stay (P = 0.08). Insurance was found to be significantly associated with Kaplan‐Meier, remaining smoke free, and investigators tried to control for this.