Vineis 1993.

Methods	Country: Italy Setting: immunisation clinic CT: non‐random assignment
Participants	1015 parents of newborn babies (all mothers including non‐smokers recruited) recruited when attending the clinic for the 3‐month vaccination of the infant
Interventions	Intervention: counselled for 15 minutes by a nurse on the health effects of active smoking and ETS, and given 3 booklets ‐ 1 of which was about the health effects of ETS on children Control: did not receive counselling or booklets
Outcomes	At 2 and 4 years: • Self‐reported cessation
Type of intervention	Well‐child (child health check)
Notes	Retention: 747/1015 (74%)
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	High risk	"Non‐randomized experimental design"
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	High risk	See above.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Similar follow‐up rates in both groups (304/402 intervention, 443/616 control). Participants who had moved away were excluded from analysis.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Self‐report only; differential misreport possible