Comparison 12. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccines versus no vaccination: cohort studies in community‐dwellers.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
12.1 Influenza‐like illness	1	374	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.32 [0.16, 0.64]
12.1.1 Epidemic year ‐ vaccine matching	0	0	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Not estimable
12.1.2 Epidemic year ‐ vaccine matching absent or unknown	0	0	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Not estimable
12.1.3 Non‐epidemic year ‐ vaccine matching	1	374	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.32 [0.16, 0.64]
12.2 Hospitalisation for influenza or pneumonia or respiratory disease	3	518748	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.67 [0.64, 0.70]
12.2.1 Epidemic year ‐ vaccine matching	2	518374	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.67 [0.63, 0.71]
12.2.2 Epidemic year ‐ vaccine matching absent or unknown	0	0	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Not estimable
12.2.3 Non‐epidemic year ‐ vaccine matching	1	374	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.90 [0.10, 7.97]
12.3 Deaths from influenza or pneumonia	1	259627	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.43 [0.33, 0.57]
12.3.1 Epidemic year ‐ vaccine matching	1	259627	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.43 [0.33, 0.57]
12.3.2 Epidemic year ‐ vaccine matching absent or unknown	0	0	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Not estimable
12.3.3 Non‐epidemic year ‐ vaccine matching	0	0	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Not estimable
12.4 All deaths	2	260001	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.44 [0.41, 0.46]
12.4.1 Epidemic year ‐ vaccine matching	1	259627	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.44 [0.41, 0.46]
12.4.2 Epidemic year ‐ vaccine matching absent or unknown	0	0	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Not estimable
12.4.3 Non‐epidemic year ‐ vaccine matching	1	374	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.60 [0.08, 30.65]