| Study characteristics |
| Methods |
Prospective cohort study conducted in Minneapolis, USA during the 1990 to 1995 period, in the community. Data source was the managed care organisation database. Follow‐up period was 15 November to 31 February. A subgroup analysis by health status was performed. The rate was adjusted for age, sex, health status, vaccination status. |
| Participants |
147,551 members of a medical care programme continuously enrolled for the 1‐year period (87,898 treated and 59,653 controls included in the analysis), 64 years or older |
| Interventions |
Parenteral influenza vaccine. 11.3% of vaccinees and 4.5% of unvaccinated received pneumococcal vaccination, on average. |
| Outcomes |
Hospitalisation from pneumonia and influenza (ICD 480‐487), hospitalisation from all respiratory conditions, hospitalisation from congestive heart failure, death from all causes (deaths were not reported) |
| Notes |
Most of the seasons were epidemic, with vaccine strains matching the circulating strains. Data were extracted by rates reported in tables. Only data stratified by health status were included in the analysis. Quantitative analysis was also performed. |
| Risk of bias |
| Bias |
Authors' judgement |
Support for judgement |
| Allocation concealment (selection bias) |
Low risk |
A ‐ Adequate |
