| Study characteristics |
| Methods |
Prospective cohort study conducted in Minneapolis, USA during the 1993 to 1995 period, in the community. Data source was the managed care organisation database. Follow‐up period was 15 November to 31 March. The rate was adjusted for age, sex, health status, vaccination status. |
| Participants |
69,024 members of a medical care programme continuously enrolled for the 1‐year period (46,480 treated and 22,544 controls included in the analysis), 65 years or older |
| Interventions |
Parenteral influenza vaccine. 11.3% of vaccinees and 4.5% of unvaccinated received pneumococcal vaccination, on average. |
| Outcomes |
Hospitalisation from pneumonia and influenza (ICD 480‐487), hospitalisation from all respiratory conditions, hospitalisation from congestive heart failure, death from all causes (deaths were not reported) |
| Notes |
All the seasons were epidemic, with vaccine strains matching the circulating strains. Data were extracted by rates reported in tables and calculated by difference with data reported in previous studies. |
| Risk of bias |
| Bias |
Authors' judgement |
Support for judgement |
| Allocation concealment (selection bias) |
Unclear risk |
B ‐ Unclear |
