Richards 2005.

Methods	Randomised controlled trial Duration of follow‐up: 21 consecutive days
Participants	Country: USA Participants were recruited from 1 Department of Veterans Affairs nursing home and 6 for‐profit community nursing homes in the central southeastern United States. Inclusion criteria: age ≥ 55, baseline 85% sleep efficiency and at least 30 minutes of daytime sleep (Actigraph), living at the facility for at least 1 month, MMSE score ≤ 24 Number of participants completing the study: n = 139 (intervention group n = 71, control group n = 68) Age (mean ± SD) years: 79 ± 8.4 Gender, female: 48.2% Cognitive status, MMSE (mean ± SD): 8.7 ± 7.1 Care dependency: not reported
Interventions	Intervention: individualised activity‐programme Control: usual care (including any scheduled activities that the nursing home provided).
Outcomes	24‐hour sleep/wake patterns (Actigraph), costs (training, activities, administration)
Funding	Veterans Health Administration, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health/National Center for Research Resources to the General Clinical Research Center of the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; USA
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	"Then participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: ISAI or usual‐care control". No further information reported.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	No information reported.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No blinded to group allocation. "The project nursing assistants implemented the ISAI and recorded the type, time, and duration of the activities. (...) As part of the ISAI, the project nursing assistants checked on the participants every hour, observed them for napping, wakened them if they were asleep, and provided ISAI. (...) Participants in this [control] group received usual care".
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	"The Actigraph (Ambulatory Monitoring, Ardsley, NY), a motion‐sensing device that uses an algorithm to differentiate sleep from wake based on motor activity, measured sleep/wake pattern variables." Comment: no information about blinding reported, but the risk of bias was judged as low since only objective outcome were assessed via Actigraph.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	"Of the 147 remaining participants, seven were hospitalized, and one returned home." Comment: no information about the allocated groups of the participants lost to follow‐up.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	No trial registration and no study protocol is available.
Other bias	Unclear risk	No primary outcome defined (multiple testing).