4. Efficacy and effectiveness data from intra‐epidemic and non‐typical studies.

Study reference	Exclusion reason	RCT/cohort	Vaccine	Age group	Outcome	n treatment	N treatment	n control	N control
Nicholls 2004	Cohort from community not representative of local population	Cohort	Inactive, trivalent	0 to 2 years	ILI	11	18	3	5
Nicholls 2004	Cohort from community not representative of local population	Cohort	Inactive, trivalent	3 to 4 years	ILI	10	16	0	0
Nicholls 2004	Cohort from community not representative of local population	Cohort	Inactive, trivalent	5 to 14 years	ILI	39	91	0	3
Slepushkin 1974	Intra‐epidemic study of orally administered vaccine as emergency prophylaxis	RCT	Live (oral) H2N2+B	1 to 3 years	Influenza or ARI >= 10 days after vaccination	187	508	271	492
Ritzwoller 2005	Intra‐epidemic study	Cohort	Inactive, trivalent	6 to 23 months	ILI	65	1129	124	1615
Aksenov 1971	Intra‐epidemic study	Cohort	Live, H2N2+B, 3 doses 5 days apart	4 to 7 years	Morbidity due to influenza and ARI	107	760	164	594
Aksenov 1971	Intra‐epidemic study	Cohort	Live, H2N2+B, 3 doses 8 to 10 days apart	4 to 7 years	Morbidity due to influenza and ARI	81	728	193	674
Aksenov 1971	Intra‐epidemic study	Cohort	Live, H2N2+B, 3 doses 5 days apart	7 to 15 years	Morbidity due to influenza and ARI	143	1358	114	776
Cowling 2012	Intra‐epidemic study	RCT	TIV or saline placebo during the 2009–10 pandemic	6 to 17 years	Morbidity due to influenza	Unclear	479	Unclear	317

ARI: acute respiratory infection
 ILI: influenza‐like illness
 RCT: randomised controlled trial
 TIV: trivalent influenza vaccine