Table 2.
Comparison of perioperative characteristics of patients with and without early postoperative VAs
| Characteristic | VA (n=464) | No VA (n=2039) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (d) | 174 (14–1821) | 190 (73–1116) | .43 |
| Weight (kg) | 6.2 (3.6–17.7) | 6.6 (4.2–13.2) | .86 |
| Sex: male | 256 (55.2) | 1110 (54.4) | .80 |
| Chromosomal abnormality | 98 (21.1) | 482 (23.6) | .27 |
| Most common primary diagnosis | |||
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 58 (12.5) | 167 (8.2) | .005 |
| HLHS* | 52 (11.2) | 269 (13.2) | .28 |
| Ventricular septal defect | 37 (8.0) | 156 (7.7) | .85 |
| Transposition of the great arteries | 33 (7.1) | 75 (3.7) | .002 |
| AVSD | 30 (6.5) | 180 (8.8) | .11 |
| Single ventricle anatomy other than HLHS | 30 (6.5) | 194 (9.5) | .04 |
| Most common primary surgical procedure | |||
| Tetralogy of Fallot (complete repair) | 40 (8.6) | 119 (5.8) | .03 |
| Ventricular septal defect closure | 38 (8.2) | 164 (8.0) | .93 |
| S1-SVP† operation | 41 (8.8) | 119 (5.8) | .02 |
| Repair of AvSD | 26 (5.6) | 140 (6.9) | .35 |
| Heart transplantation | 22 (4.7) | 33 (1.6) | <.001 |
| History of preoperative antiarrhythmic medication | 46 (9.9) | 308 (15.1) | .003 |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass duration (min) | 128 (84–174) | 99 (62–144) | <.001 |
| Aortic cross-clamp duration (min) | 49 (28–76) | 32 (0–60) | <.001 |
| Lactate level (mmol/L) | 2.0 (1.3-3.8) | 1.6 (1.1-2.7) | <.001 |
| STAT score | |||
| 1 | 148 (31.9) | 616 (30.2) | .50 |
| 2 | 100 (21.6) | 598 (29.3) | .001 |
| 3 | 57 (12.3) | 275 (13.4) | .54 |
| 4 | 114 (24.6) | 411 (20.2) | .04 |
| 5 | 43 (9.3) | 138 (6.8) | .07 |
| Unable to classify | 2 (0.43) | 1 (0.05) | .09 |
| Cannulation to ECMO | 35 (7.5) | 102 (5.0) | .04 |
| In-hospital mortality‡ | 30 (6.5) | 44 (3.2) | .002 |
Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or as n (%). P values were calculated using the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables and Fisher exact test for categorical variables. The most common diagnoses and surgical procedures listed are organized by frequency in the VA subgroup.
AVSD = atrioventricular septal defect (includes complete and partial AVSDs); ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; HLHS = hypoplastic left heart syndrome; S1-SVP = stage 1 single ventricle palliation; STAT = Society of Thoracic Surgeons-European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery; VA = ventricular arrhythmia.
The HLHS group includes patients with Shone’s syndrome requiring single ventricle palliation.
Sl-SVP operation was defined as a primary surgery of the Norwood procedure, hybrid approach, or Damus-Kaye-Stansel procedure resulting in single ventricle palliation pathway operation.
In-hospital mortality rates were calculated using 1835 unique individuals (consisting of 454 with VA and 1381 without VA).