Table 1.
Histopathological evidence of hemostasis components in multiple sclerosis.
| Hemostasis components | Main findings (patient sample size/methodology) | References |
|---|---|---|
| COAGULATION | ||
| FXII | Deposition nearby dendritic cells positive for uPAR. | (10) |
| Fibrinogen | Presence within demyelinated centers (23 acute MS plaques). | (109) |
| Detected in 19 inactive plaques, co-localize with astrocytes (32 inactive plaques). | (110) | |
| Perivascular detection in type I, II and V lesions. Leakage within central plaques parenchyma (immunohistochemistry on 155 MS lesions from 13 early cases of MS). | (111) | |
| Extravascular staining with perivascular distribution in association with microglial activation (active MS lesions analyzed by confocal microscopy). | (112) | |
| Perivascular distribution of leakage and differential degree of deposition in WM. Co-localization with astrocytes. Correlation with the grade of tight junctions' abnormality (2,198 MS and 1,062 control vessels analyzed by confocal microscopy). | (113) | |
| Leakage both in active and chronic lesions; reactivity also in NAWM and in WM. Co-localization with astrocytes and neuronal process (postmortem MRI on MS lesions). | (2) | |
| Extravasation close to the blood vessels only in chronic active lesions (4 chronic active lesions and 5 chronic inactive lesions from 4 MS brains). | (65) | |
| Fibrin(ogen) | Extracellular deposition predominantly located in layers 5 and 6 of the cortex in MS. Intracellular deposition detected in neurons and astrocytes (immunohistochemistry on the cortex of 47 progressive MS and 10 controls). | (12) |
| Fibrin | Staining overlap with macrophages and axons, and extended into NAWM (32 inactive plaques). | (110) |
| Deposition in areas of activated microglia (immunohistochemistry on 155 MS lesions from 13 early cases of MS). | (111) | |
| Deposition occurs in pre-demyelinating areas of activated microglia. | (11) | |
| INHIBITORS | ||
| Protein C inhibitor | Detected in chronic active plaques (Mass spectrometry MS plaques). | (103) |
| C1INH | Detected in MS plaques. | (114) |
C1INH, C1 inhibitor; F, factor; NAWM, normal-appearing white matter; MS, multiple sclerosis; uPAR, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor; WM, white matter.