Table 4.

CSF, plasma, and serum evidence of fibrinolytic pathway components in multiple sclerosis.

Hemostasis components	Main findings	References
PAI-1	Higher levels in MS vs. controls. PAI-1 concentration has a reverse relationship of tPA:c (ELISA in CSF and plasma EDTA of 19 MS, OND, controls).	(161)
	Higher levels in MS vs. controls (ELISA on plasma EDTA: 85 RRMS, 53 PMS, 42 controls).	(138)
PAI-1, tPA	High levels of PAI-1 during relapses. No differences for tPA. No correlation between PAI-1 CSF and plasma levels (Plasma of 12 active RRMS, 12 stable RRMS, 10 controls).	(162)
tPA	Higher activity in MS (CSF of 7 MS, 9 leukemia, 21 encephalitis, 20 controls)	(163)
PAI-1, tPA, D-dimer	No differences (Plasma of 90 MS, 250 glioma patients 270 controls).	(164)
D-dimer	Higher levels in MS (ELFA on plasma of 42 RRMS, 31 controls).	(140)

CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; :c, activity; EDTA, ethylenediamine-tetra-acetic acid; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ELFA, Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay; OND, other neurological disorders; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; PMS, progressive multiple sclerosis; RRMS, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis; tPA, tissue-type plasminogen activator.