Table 1.
Microglia activation induced by high fat diet or fatty acid treatment.
| Experimental model | Treatment | Duration of treatment | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypothalamus | Normal diet (ND) | 13 and 16 weeks | ↑ TNFα | De Souza et al., 2005 |
| HFD | ↑ IL-1β | |||
| ↑ IL-6 | ||||
| 16 weeks | ↑ TNFα mRNA | |||
| ↑ IL-1β mRNA | ||||
| Hypothalamus | ND | 16 weeks | ↑ TNFα | Milanski et al., 2009 |
| HFD | ↑ IL-1β | |||
| ↑ IL-6 | ||||
| Intracerebroventricular | 3 days | ↑ IL-6 and IL-6 mRNA | ||
| infusion of oleic acid | ↑ IL-10 and IL-10 mRNA | |||
| Intracerebroventricular | 3 days | ↑ TNFα | ||
| infusion of stearic acid | ↑ IL-1β | |||
| ↑ IL-10 | ||||
| Intracerebroventricular | 3 days | ↑ IL-6 | ||
| infusion of linolenic acid | ↑ IL-10 | |||
| Intracerebroventricular | 3 days | ↑ TNFα | ||
| infusion of arachidic acid | ↑ IL-1β | |||
| ↑ IL-6 | ||||
| ↑ IL-10 | ||||
| Intracerebroventricular | 3 days | ↑ TNFα | ||
| infusion of behenic acid | ↑ IL-1β | |||
| ↑ IL-6 | ||||
| Hypothalamus | Intracerebroventricular | 20 min | ↑ pIKKβ | Posey et al., 2009 |
| infusion of palmitate | ↓ IκBα | |||
| LFD | 7 weeks | ↑ pIKKβ | ||
| HFD | ||||
| Primary glial cells | Control serum | 48 h | ↑ CD11b positive cells | Hsuchou et al., 2012 |
| DIO serum | ||||
| BV-2 microglial cells | Vehicle | 24 h | ↓ TNFα mRNA | Kappe et al., 2012 |
| 0.125 mM Palmitate | ↑ Chi3L3 mRNA | |||
| ↑ Arg1 mRNA | ||||
| Hypothalamus | ND | 4 weeks | ↑ TNFα mRNA | Thaler et al., 2012 |
| HFD | ↑ IL-6 mRNA | |||
| BV-2 microglial cells | Vehicle | 24 h | ↑ Arg1 mRNA | Tracy et al., 2013 |
| 0.125 mM Palmitate | ||||
| Primary microglial cells | Control serum | 120 min | ↑ Iba-1 | Gao et al., 2014 |
| HFD serum | ↑ TNFα | |||
| ↑ IL-1β | ||||
| Hypothalamus | ND | 4 and 16 weeks | ↑ Iba-1 positive cells | Valdearcos et al., 2014 |
| HFD | 4 weeks | ↑ TNFα mRNA | ||
| ↑ IL-6 mRNA | ||||
| ↑ IL-1β mRNA | ||||
| Enteric gavage of | 3 days | ↑ TNFα mRNA | ||
| lauric acid | ↑ IL-6 mRNA | |||
| Enteric gavage of | 3 days | ↑ TNFα mRNA | ||
| palmitic acid | ↑ IL-6 mRNA | |||
| ↑ IL-1β mRNA | ||||
| Primary microglial cells | Vehicle | 24 h | ↑ TNFα | |
| 0.1 mM lauric acid | ↑ IL-6 | |||
| ↑ MCP-1 | ||||
| Vehicle | 24 h | ↑ TNFα | ||
| 0.1 mM myristic acid | ↑ IL-6 | |||
| ↑ MCP-1 | ||||
| Vehicle | 24 h | ↑ TNFα | ||
| 0.1 mM palmitic acid | ↑ IL-6 | |||
| Vehicle | 24 h | ↑ TNFα | ||
| 0.1 mM stearic acid | ↑ IL-6 | |||
| ↑ MCP-1 | ||||
| BV-2 microglial cells | Vehicle | 12 h | ↑ iNOS mRNA | Duffy et al., 2017 |
| 0.1 mM Palmitate | ||||
| Hypothalamus | ND | 4 weeks | ↑ Iba-1 | Valdearcos et al., 2017 |
| HFD | ↓ P2Y12 | |||
| BV-2 microglial cells | Vehicle | 48 h | ↑ IL-1β | Yang et al., 2017 |
| 0.3 mM Palmitate | ↑ CD11b mRNA | |||
| ↑ IL-6 | ||||
| ↑ MCP-1 | ||||
| Hypothalamus | Low fat diet (LFD) | 8 weeks | ↑ TNFα mRNA | |
| HFD | ↑ IL-1β mRNA | |||