Table 2.

Adaptive mechanisms reported to modulate the survival of propionibacteria, bifidobacteria, and lactobacilli under technological and digestive stresses.

Cell modification	Effect	Technological stress or digestion	Bacteria	References	Corresponding number in the figures
Conversion of glutamate to GABA	+	Acid stress (pH = 2.5)	L.a reuteri	Su et al., 2011	46∗
Decrease in unsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio	+	Freeze-drying	L. coryniformis	Schoug et al., 2008	47
Glycine betaine accumulation	+	Digestion	B.b breve	Sheehan et al., 2006	48
Glycine betaine accumulation	0	Freeze-drying	B. animalis	Saarela et al., 2005	49
Glycine betaine accumulation	-	Freeze-drying	L. coryniformis	Bergenholtz et al., 2012	50
Glycine betaine accumulation	+	Freeze-drying	L. salivarius	Sheehan et al., 2006	48
Glycine betaine accumulation	+	Spray-drying	L. salivarius	Sheehan et al., 2006	48
GroESL overproduction	+	Freeze-drying	L. paracasei	Corcoran et al., 2006	51
GroESL overproduction	+	Spray-drying	L. paracasei	Corcoran et al., 2006	51
Increase in cyclopropane fatty acid number	+	Freeze-drying	L. bulgaricus	Li et al., 2009	25

⁺ indicates an improvement of survival. ^- indicates a decrease of survival. ⁰ indicates no effect on survival. ^∗ indicates a cited reference. ^aLactobacillus. ^b Bifidobacterium.